Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 11875128 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Alpha-crystallin-type heat shock proteins: socializing minichaperones in the context of a multichaperone network.

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR ·Vol. 66 ·No. 1 ·2002-03-00 ·Pages 64-93; table of contents

Narberhaus F

Abstract

Alpha-crystallins were originally recognized as proteins contributing to the transparency of the mammalian eye lens. Subsequently, they have been found in many, but not all, members of the Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Most members of the diverse alpha-crystallin family have four common structural and functional features: (i) a small monomeric molecular mass between 12 and 43 kDa; (ii) the formation of large oligomeric complexes; (iii) the presence of a moderately conserved central region, the so-called alpha-crystallin domain; and (iv) molecular chaperone activity. Since alpha-crystallins are induced by a temperature upshift in many organisms, they are often referred to as small heat shock proteins (sHsps) or, more accurately, alpha-Hsps. Alpha-crystallins are integrated into a highly flexible and synergistic multichaperone network evolved to secure protein quality control in the cell. Their chaperone activity is limited to the binding of unfolding intermediates in order to protect them from irreversible aggregation. Productive release and refolding of captured proteins into the native state requires close cooperation with other cellular chaperones. In addition, alpha-Hsps seem to play an important role in membrane stabilization. The review compiles information on the abundance, sequence conservation, regulation, structure, and function of alpha-Hsps with an emphasis on the microbial members of this chaperone family.

MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Sequence Animals Crystallins/chemistry,genetics,metabolism Gene Expression Regulation Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry,genetics,metabolism Humans Molecular Chaperones/chemistry,genetics,metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Structure-Activity Relationship
Chemicals
Crystallins Heat-Shock Proteins Molecular Chaperones
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Narberhaus Franz
Institut für Mikrobiologie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. fnarber@micro.biol.ethz.ch
References (365)
365 references, click to expand
  1. One member of a gro-ESL-like chaperonin multigene family in Bradyrhizobium japonicum is co-regulated with symbiotic nitrogen fixation genes.
    EMBO J. 1993 Jul;12(7):2901-12 PMID: 8101485
  2. The Rhizobium meliloti groELc locus is required for regulation of early nod genes by the transcription activator NodD.
    Genes Dev. 1995 Mar 15;9(6):714-29 PMID: 7729688
  3. The 16-kDa alpha-crystallin (Acr) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for growth in macrophages.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9578-83 PMID: 9689123
  4. The expanding small heat-shock protein family, and structure predictions of the conserved "alpha-crystallin domain".
    J Mol Evol. 1995 Mar;40(3):238-48 PMID: 7723051
  5. Structural and functional consequences of the mutation of a conserved arginine residue in alphaA and alphaB crystallins.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 20;274(34):24137-41 PMID: 10446186
  6. ATP-dependent proteases that also chaperone protein biogenesis.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1997 Apr;22(4):118-23 PMID: 9149530
  7. Rhizobium leguminosarum contains multiple chaperonin (cpn60) genes.
    Microbiology. 1994 Jan;140 ( Pt 1):113-22 PMID: 7909257
  8. Proteolysis and chaperones: the destruction/reconstruction dilemma.
    Curr Opin Microbiol. 1998 Apr;1(2):204-9 PMID: 10066478
  9. Proteins as molecular chaperones.
    Nature. 1987 Jul 30-Aug 5;328(6129):378-9 PMID: 3112578
  10. Global unfolding of a substrate protein by the Hsp100 chaperone ClpA.
    Nature. 1999 Sep 2;401(6748):90-3 PMID: 10485712
  11. The Clp ATPases define a novel class of molecular chaperones.
    Mol Microbiol. 1996 Sep;21(5):895-9 PMID: 8885261
  12. Human alphaB-crystallin. Small heat shock protein and molecular chaperone.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 24;272(4):2578-82 PMID: 8999975
  13. The groES and groEL heat shock gene products of Escherichia coli are essential for bacterial growth at all temperatures.
    J Bacteriol. 1989 Mar;171(3):1379-85 PMID: 2563997
  14. Mutation of alpha B-crystallin: effects on chaperone-like activity.
    Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3-4):263-9 PMID: 9650081
  15. Two different mechanisms are involved in the heat-shock regulation of chaperonin gene expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
    Mol Microbiol. 1996 Feb;19(4):827-39 PMID: 8820652
  16. The dnaKJ operon belongs to the sigma32-dependent class of heat shock genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1997 Mar 26;254(2):195-206 PMID: 9108282
  17. Crystal structure of the nucleotide exchange factor GrpE bound to the ATPase domain of the molecular chaperone DnaK.
    Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):431-5 PMID: 9103205
  18. Proteome analysis of differentially displayed proteins as a tool for the investigation of symbiosis.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Sep;13(9):995-1009 PMID: 10975656
  19. The 2.2 A crystal structure of Hsp33: a heat shock protein with redox-regulated chaperone activity.
    Structure. 2001 May 9;9(5):367-75 PMID: 11377197
  20. The mammalian small heat-shock protein Hsp20 forms dimers and is a poor chaperone.
    Eur J Biochem. 1998 Dec 15;258(3):1014-21 PMID: 9990320
  21. Self-complementary motifs (SCM) in alpha-crystallin small heat shock proteins.
    FEBS Lett. 2000 Oct 6;482(3):175-9 PMID: 11024455
  22. Expression of Drosophila's 27 kDa heat shock protein into rodent cells confers thermal resistance.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 May 29;185(1):116-20 PMID: 1599446
  23. Subunit exchange of alphaA-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Nov 21;272(47):29511-7 PMID: 9368012
  24. Purification and properties of the Escherichia coli heat shock protein, HtpG.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 Mar 15;264(8):4398-403 PMID: 2647735
  25. Stress proteins are immune targets in leprosy and tuberculosis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(12):4267-70 PMID: 3132709
  26. Evidence for a novel set of small heat-shock proteins that associates with the mitochondria of murine PC12 cells and protects NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from heat and oxidative stress.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 May 15;365(2):344-50 PMID: 10328830
  27. Regulation of Hsp27 oligomerization, chaperone function, and protective activity against oxidative stress/tumor necrosis factor alpha by phosphorylation.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 2;274(27):18947-56 PMID: 10383393
  28. A protein antigen of Mycobacterium leprae is related to a family of small heat shock proteins.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Dec;170(12):5919-21 PMID: 3056923
  29. Structure and modifications of the junior chaperone alpha-crystallin. From lens transparency to molecular pathology.
    Eur J Biochem. 1994 Oct 1;225(1):1-19 PMID: 7925426
  30. NMR spectroscopy of alpha-crystallin. Insights into the structure, interactions and chaperone action of small heat-shock proteins.
    Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3-4):197-209 PMID: 9650074
  31. Bovine lens crystallins do contain helical structure: a circular dichroism study.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Jul 13;1432(2):234-8 PMID: 10407145
  32. Binding of non-native protein to Hsp25 during heat shock creates a reservoir of folding intermediates for reactivation.
    EMBO J. 1997 Jan 15;16(2):221-9 PMID: 9029143
  33. The molecular chaperone concept.
    Semin Cell Biol. 1990 Feb;1(1):1-9 PMID: 1983265
  34. RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and TIAR link the phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha to the assembly of mammalian stress granules.
    J Cell Biol. 1999 Dec 27;147(7):1431-42 PMID: 10613902
  35. ClpB and HtpG facilitate de novo protein folding in stressed Escherichia coli cells.
    Mol Microbiol. 2000 Jun;36(6):1360-70 PMID: 10931286
  36. A 25-kD inhibitor of actin polymerization is a low molecular mass heat shock protein.
    J Cell Biol. 1991 Jul;114(2):255-61 PMID: 2071672
  37. Escherichia coli contains a soluble ATP-dependent protease (Ti) distinct from protease La.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5550-4 PMID: 3303028
  38. Lens alpha-crystallin: function and structure.
    Eye (Lond). 1999 Jun;13 ( Pt 3b):403-8 PMID: 10627817
  39. Mouse Hsp25, a small shock protein. The role of its C-terminal extension in oligomerization and chaperone action.
    Eur J Biochem. 2000 Apr;267(7):1923-32 PMID: 10727931
  40. Elevated temperature differentially affects virulence, VirB protein accumulation, and T-pilus formation in different Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium vitis strains.
    J Bacteriol. 2001 Dec;183(23):6852-61 PMID: 11698374
  41. The ClpX heat-shock protein of Escherichia coli, the ATP-dependent substrate specificity component of the ClpP-ClpX protease, is a novel molecular chaperone.
    EMBO J. 1995 May 1;14(9):1867-77 PMID: 7743994
  42. Alpha-crystallins are involved in specific interactions with the murine gamma D/E/F-crystallin-encoding gene.
    Gene. 1994 Jul 8;144(2):171-8 PMID: 8039702
  43. Identification of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum degP gene as part of an operon containing small heat-shock protein genes.
    Arch Microbiol. 1998 Feb;169(2):89-97 PMID: 9446679
  44. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.
    Nature. 1997 Aug 7;388(6642):539-47 PMID: 9252185
  45. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12.
    Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62 PMID: 9278503
  46. Hsp26: a temperature-regulated chaperone.
    EMBO J. 1999 Dec 1;18(23):6744-51 PMID: 10581247
  47. Mass spectrometry unravels disulfide bond formation as the mechanism that activates a molecular chaperone.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 23;275(25):18759-66 PMID: 10764757
  48. Mutation of R116C results in highly oligomerized alpha A-crystallin with modified structure and defective chaperone-like function.
    Biochemistry. 2000 Feb 15;39(6):1420-6 PMID: 10684623
  49. The extracytoplasmic function sigma factors: role and regulation.
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jun;28(6):1059-66 PMID: 9680198
  50. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence.
    Nature. 1998 Jun 11;393(6685):537-44 PMID: 9634230
  51. The RheA repressor is the thermosensor of the HSP18 heat shock response in Streptomyces albus.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Mar 28;97(7):3538-43 PMID: 10716740
  52. Native quaternary structure of bovine alpha-crystallin.
    Biochemistry. 2000 Apr 18;39(15):4483-92 PMID: 10757997
  53. FtsH--a single-chain charonin?
    FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan;23(1):1-11 PMID: 10077851
  54. Structure-function studies on small heat shock protein oligomeric assembly and interaction with unfolded polypeptides.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Sep 26;272(39):24646-56 PMID: 9305934
  55. Functional elements in molecular chaperone alpha-crystallin: identification of binding sites in alpha B-crystallin.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Oct 9;239(1):217-22 PMID: 9345298
  56. Heat-inactivated proteins managed by DnaKJ-GrpE-ClpB chaperones are released as a chaperonin-recognizable non-native form.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 28;275(17):12388-92 PMID: 10777521
  57. Mitochondrial Lon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a ring-shaped protease with seven flexible subunits.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 8;96(12):6787-90 PMID: 10359790
  58. The small heat-shock protein IbpB from Escherichia coli stabilizes stress-denatured proteins for subsequent refolding by a multichaperone network.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 May 1;273(18):11032-7 PMID: 9556585
  59. Caenorhabditis elegans small heat-shock proteins Hsp12.2 and Hsp12.3 form tetramers and have no chaperone-like activity.
    FEBS Lett. 1998 Aug 21;433(3):228-32 PMID: 9744800
  60. Analysis of the resistance to heat and hydrogen peroxide stresses in COS cells transiently expressing wild type or deletion mutants of the Drosophila 27-kDa heat-shock protein.
    Eur J Biochem. 1993 Jul 15;215(2):277-84 PMID: 8344296
  61. Structure and in vitro molecular chaperone activity of cytosolic small heat shock proteins from pea.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 May 5;270(18):10432-8 PMID: 7737977
  62. Protein folding in the cytosol: chaperonin-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Feb;23(2):68-73 PMID: 9538692
  63. Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Nov 15;24(22):4420-49 PMID: 8948633
  64. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heat stress proteins encoded on plasmids in different strains of Streptococcus thermophilus.
    Curr Microbiol. 2000 Sep;41(3):177-81 PMID: 10915203
  65. Identification of in vivo substrates of the chaperonin GroEL.
    Nature. 1999 Nov 11;402(6758):147-54 PMID: 10647006
  66. The molecular chaperone alphaB-crystallin enhances amyloid beta neurotoxicity.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Aug 19;262(1):152-6 PMID: 10448084
  67. Regulation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypoxic response gene encoding alpha -crystallin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jun 19;98(13):7534-9 PMID: 11416222
  68. Substrate sequestration by a proteolytically inactive Lon mutant.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 25;96(11):6064-71 PMID: 10339542
  69. Purification and characterization of the 16-kDa heat-shock-responsive protein from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus, which is an alpha-crystallin-related, small heat shock protein.
    Eur J Biochem. 1999 Jun;262(2):406-16 PMID: 10336625
  70. Protein oxidation in response to increased transcriptional or translational errors.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):5746-9 PMID: 10811907
  71. Regulation of the Escherichia coli heat-shock response.
    Mol Microbiol. 1993 Aug;9(4):671-80 PMID: 7901731
  72. Transcriptional regulation of the macrophage-induced gene (gspA) of Legionella pneumophila and phenotypic characterization of a null mutant.
    Mol Microbiol. 1997 May;24(3):629-42 PMID: 9179855
  73. Regulation of heat shock gene induction and expression during Drosophila development.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 1997 Jan;53(1):104-13 PMID: 9117990
  74. Small heat shock protein of Methanococcus jannaschii, a hyperthermophile.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9129-33 PMID: 9689045
  75. Heat shock protein 27 and alpha B-crystallin can form a complex, which dissociates by heat shock.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Jun 25;267(18):12936-41 PMID: 1618790
  76. The N-end rule pathway of protein degradation.
    Genes Cells. 1997 Jan;2(1):13-28 PMID: 9112437
  77. A small heat shock protein from Leuconostoc oenos induced by multiple stresses and during stationary growth phase.
    Lett Appl Microbiol. 1997 May;24(5):393-6 PMID: 9172446
  78. In vivo observation of polypeptide flux through the bacterial chaperonin system.
    Cell. 1997 Aug 8;90(3):491-500 PMID: 9267029
  79. Supervising the fold: functional principles of molecular chaperones.
    FASEB J. 1996 Jan;10(1):10-9 PMID: 8566529
  80. Targeted disruption of the mouse alpha A-crystallin gene induces cataract and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 4;94(3):884-9 PMID: 9023351
  81. A molecular chaperone, ClpA, functions like DnaK and DnaJ.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 6;91(25):12218-22 PMID: 7991609
  82. A 16 kDa protein family overexpressed by Streptococcus thermophilus PB18 in acid environments.
    Microbiology. 1997 May;143 ( Pt 5):1587-94 PMID: 9168610
  83. Intermolecular exchange and stabilization of recombinant human alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Jan 2;273(1):286-90 PMID: 9417077
  84. Unfolding and internalization of proteins by the ATP-dependent proteases ClpXP and ClpAP.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 1;97(16):8898-903 PMID: 10922052
  85. Synechocystis HSP17 is an amphitropic protein that stabilizes heat-stressed membranes and binds denatured proteins for subsequent chaperone-mediated refolding.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 13;98(6):3098-103 PMID: 11248038
  86. Transcription of the ibpB heat-shock gene is under control of sigma(32)- and sigma(54)-promoters, a third regulon of heat-shock response.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Jun 1;284(1):57-64 PMID: 11374870
  87. ROSE elements occur in disparate rhizobia and are functionally interchangeable between species.
    Arch Microbiol. 2001 Jul;176(1-2):44-51 PMID: 11479702
  88. Small stress proteins: chaperones that act as regulators of intracellular redox state and programmed cell death.
    Biol Chem. 1998 Jan;379(1):19-26 PMID: 9504712
  89. Heat induction of hsp18 gene expression in Streptomyces albus G: transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation.
    J Bacteriol. 1996 Dec;178(24):7031-6 PMID: 8955381
  90. A mRNA-based thermosensor controls expression of rhizobial heat shock genes.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Dec 1;29(23):4800-7 PMID: 11726689
  91. In vivo modifications of the maize mitochondrial small heat stress protein, HSP22.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 10;276(32):29924-9 PMID: 11397800
  92. The Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone machines.
    Cell. 1998 Feb 6;92(3):351-66 PMID: 9476895
  93. The heat-shock proteins.
    Annu Rev Genet. 1988;22:631-77 PMID: 2853609
  94. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: on protein death and cell life.
    EMBO J. 1998 Dec 15;17(24):7151-60 PMID: 9857172
  95. HSP100/Clp proteins: a common mechanism explains diverse functions.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1996 Aug;21(8):289-96 PMID: 8772382
  96. The hydrophobic probe 4,4'-bis(1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid) is specifically photoincorporated into the N-terminal domain of alpha B-crystallin.
    FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 2;409(1):101-4 PMID: 9199512
  97. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen.
    Nature. 2000 Aug 31;406(6799):959-64 PMID: 10984043
  98. Proteases and their targets in Escherichia coli.
    Annu Rev Genet. 1996;30:465-506 PMID: 8982462
  99. Small stress proteins as novel regulators of apoptosis. Heat shock protein 27 blocks Fas/APO-1- and staurosporine-induced cell death.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 12;271(28):16510-4 PMID: 8663291
  100. Involvement of FtsH in protein assembly into and through the membrane. I. Mutations that reduce retention efficiency of a cytoplasmic reporter.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 18;269(7):5218-24 PMID: 8106504
  101. HSP27 multimerization mediated by phosphorylation-sensitive intermolecular interactions at the amino terminus.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 2;274(14):9378-85 PMID: 10092617
  102. Stress genes and proteins in the archaea.
    Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1999 Dec;63(4):923-67, table of contents PMID: 10585970
  103. Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum.
    J Bacteriol. 2001 Aug;183(16):4823-38 PMID: 11466286
  104. The GroE chaperonin machine is a major modulator of the CIRCE heat shock regulon of Bacillus subtilis.
    EMBO J. 1997 Aug 1;16(15):4579-90 PMID: 9303302
  105. Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and negative regulators.
    Genes Dev. 1998 Dec 15;12(24):3788-96 PMID: 9869631
  106. Proteome analysis of heat shock protein expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
    Eur J Biochem. 1999 Aug;264(1):39-48 PMID: 10447671
  107. Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti.
    DNA Res. 2000 Dec 31;7(6):331-8 PMID: 11214968
  108. DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae.
    Nature. 2000 Aug 3;406(6795):477-83 PMID: 10952301
  109. The unique chaperone operon of Thermotoga maritima: cloning and initial characterization of a functional Hsp70 and small heat shock protein.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Jul;181(14):4237-44 PMID: 10400580
  110. Crystal structure of a small heat-shock protein.
    Nature. 1998 Aug 6;394(6693):595-9 PMID: 9707123
  111. Transcription and translation in Archaea: a mosaic of eukaryal and bacterial features.
    Trends Microbiol. 1998 Jun;6(6):222-8 PMID: 9675798
  112. Escherichia coli dnaK null mutants are inviable at high temperature.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Jan;169(1):283-90 PMID: 3025174
  113. Molecular basis for interactions of the DnaK chaperone with substrates.
    Biol Chem. 2000 Sep-Oct;381(9-10):877-85 PMID: 11076019
  114. The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences.
    Nature. 2000 Feb 10;403(6770):665-8 PMID: 10688204
  115. A temperature-dependent switch from chaperone to protease in a widely conserved heat shock protein.
    Cell. 1999 Apr 30;97(3):339-47 PMID: 10319814
  116. ClpA mediates directional translocation of substrate proteins into the ClpP protease.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98(7):3768-72 PMID: 11259663
  117. Alpha A-crystallin confers cellular thermoresistance.
    FEBS Lett. 1994 Nov 21;355(1):54-6 PMID: 7957962
  118. The molecular chaperone system and other anti-stress mechanisms in archaea.
    Front Biosci. 2001 Feb 1;6:D262-83 PMID: 11171552
  119. Expression and heat-responsive regulation of a TFIIB homologue from the archaeon Haloferax volcanii.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Sep;33(5):1081-92 PMID: 10476041
  120. Superoxide dismutase protects against aerobic heat shock in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1995 Jun;177(11):3344-6 PMID: 7768839
  121. The crystal structure of the asymmetric GroEL-GroES-(ADP)7 chaperonin complex.
    Nature. 1997 Aug 21;388(6644):741-50 PMID: 9285585
  122. Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Mar 15;28(6):1397-406 PMID: 10684935
  123. Conformational properties of substrate proteins bound to a molecular chaperone alpha-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 May 3;271(18):10449-52 PMID: 8631839
  124. High-molecular-mass complexes formed in vivo contain smHSPs and HSP70 and display chaperone-like activity.
    Eur J Biochem. 2000 Apr;267(8):2195-207 PMID: 10759842
  125. A survey of the heat shock response in four Streptomyces species reveals two groEL-like genes and three groEL-like proteins in Streptomyces albus.
    J Bacteriol. 1991 Nov;173(22):7374-81 PMID: 1682303
  126. Structural and functional changes in the alpha A-crystallin R116C mutant in hereditary cataracts.
    Biochemistry. 2000 Dec 26;39(51):15791-8 PMID: 11123904
  127. ATP and the core "alpha-Crystallin" domain of the small heat-shock protein alphaB-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 15;274(42):30190-5 PMID: 10514509
  128. Identification of a site of Hsp27 binding with Hsp27 and alpha B-crystallin as indicated by the yeast two-hybrid system.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Feb 16;255(2):256-61 PMID: 10049695
  129. The Clp proteins: proteolysis regulators or molecular chaperones?
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Feb;174(4):1081-5 PMID: 1735703
  130. Sequential mechanism of solubilization and refolding of stable protein aggregates by a bichaperone network.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 23;96(24):13732-7 PMID: 10570141
  131. Nucleotide-dependent oligomerization of ClpB from Escherichia coli.
    Protein Sci. 1999 Sep;8(9):1899-903 PMID: 10493591
  132. Stabilization of proteins and peptides in diagnostic immunological assays by the molecular chaperone Hsp25.
    Anal Biochem. 1998 Jun 1;259(2):218-25 PMID: 9618200
  133. The crystal structure of the GroES co-chaperonin at 2.8 A resolution.
    Nature. 1996 Jan 4;379(6560):37-45 PMID: 8538739
  134. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16-kDa antigen (Hsp16.3) functions as an oligomeric structure in vitro to suppress thermal aggregation.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 22;271(12):7218-23 PMID: 8636160
  135. Genome sequence of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans R1.
    Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1571-7 PMID: 10567266
  136. Characterization of two novel human small heat shock proteins: protein kinase-related HspB8 and testis-specific HspB9.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jul 30;1520(1):1-6 PMID: 11470154
  137. Transcriptional analysis of three Bacillus subtilis genes coding for proteins with the alpha-crystallin domain characteristic of small heat shock proteins.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Jan 1;194(1):99-103 PMID: 11150673
  138. Protein quality control: triage by chaperones and proteases.
    Genes Dev. 1997 Apr 1;11(7):815-23 PMID: 9106654
  139. CotM of Bacillus subtilis, a member of the alpha-crystallin family of stress proteins, is induced during development and participates in spore outer coat formation.
    J Bacteriol. 1997 Mar;179(6):1887-97 PMID: 9068633
  140. Small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 25;268(3):1517-20 PMID: 8093612
  141. Negative charges in the C-terminal domain stabilize the alphaB-crystallin complex.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 23;273(43):28085-90 PMID: 9774426
  142. ATP binding and hydrolysis are essential to the function of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone in vivo.
    EMBO J. 1998 Aug 17;17(16):4829-36 PMID: 9707442
  143. Heat-shock and general stress response in Bacillus subtilis.
    Mol Microbiol. 1996 Feb;19(3):417-28 PMID: 8830234
  144. Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus.
    Nature. 2001 Feb 22;409(6823):1007-11 PMID: 11234002
  145. The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria.
    Nature. 1998 Nov 12;396(6707):133-40 PMID: 9823893
  146. Getting newly synthesized proteins into shape.
    Cell. 2000 Apr 14;101(2):119-22 PMID: 10786831
  147. Enzymatic and structural similarities between the Escherichia coli ATP-dependent proteases, ClpXP and ClpAP.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 May 15;273(20):12476-81 PMID: 9575205
  148. Biochemical and physiological studies of the small heat shock protein Lo18 from the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni.
    J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Oct;3(4):601-10 PMID: 11545277
  149. Copurification of small heat shock protein with alpha B crystallin from human skeletal muscle.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Apr 15;267(11):7718-25 PMID: 1560006
  150. Immobilization of the C-terminal extension of bovine alphaA-crystallin reduces chaperone-like activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 15;271(46):29060-6 PMID: 8910559
  151. Hsp15: a ribosome-associated heat shock protein.
    EMBO J. 2000 Feb 15;19(4):741-8 PMID: 10675343
  152. Evidence for specific and non-covalent binding of lipids to natural and recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG hsp60 proteins, and to the Escherichia coli homologue GroEL.
    Microbiology. 2000 Jul;146 ( Pt 7):1513-24 PMID: 10878116
  153. Heptameric ring structure of the heat-shock protein ClpB, a protein-activated ATPase in Escherichia coli.
    J Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 10;303(5):655-66 PMID: 11061966
  154. RheA, the repressor of hsp18 in Streptomyces albus G.
    Microbiology. 1999 Sep;145 ( Pt 9):2385-91 PMID: 10517591
  155. Molecular chaperones and the cytoskeleton.
    J Cell Sci. 1997 Jul;110 ( Pt 13):1431-40 PMID: 9224761
  156. Molecular chaperones in cellular protein folding.
    Nature. 1996 Jun 13;381(6583):571-9 PMID: 8637592
  157. Effects of site-directed mutations on the chaperone-like activity of alphaB-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 8;271(45):28558-66 PMID: 8910485
  158. Inhibition of Daxx-mediated apoptosis by heat shock protein 27.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;20(20):7602-12 PMID: 11003656
  159. Differential temperature-dependent chaperone-like activity of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin homoaggregates.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 3;274(49):34773-8 PMID: 10574947
  160. Chaperone rings in protein folding and degradation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Sep 28;96(20):11033-40 PMID: 10500119
  161. The small heat shock-related protein, HSP20, is phosphorylated on serine 16 during cyclic nucleotide-dependent relaxation.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 16;274(16):11344-51 PMID: 10196226
  162. Structural and functional properties of the hsp16.4-bearing plasmid pER341 in Streptococcus thermophilus.
    Plasmid. 1998 Jul;40(1):61-72 PMID: 9657935
  163. A 16.6-kilodalton protein in the Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 plays a role in the heat shock response.
    Curr Microbiol. 1998 Dec;37(6):403-7 PMID: 9806978
  164. Structural alterations of alpha-crystallin during its chaperone action.
    Eur J Biochem. 1998 Nov 15;258(1):170-83 PMID: 9851707
  165. Genome-wide expression profiling in Escherichia coli K-12.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1999 Oct 1;27(19):3821-35 PMID: 10481021
  166. A superfamily of proteins that contain the cold-shock domain.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Aug;23(8):286-90 PMID: 9757828
  167. Subunit exchange of small heat shock proteins. Analysis of oligomer formation of alphaA-crystallin and Hsp27 by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and site-directed truncations.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 14;275(2):1035-42 PMID: 10625643
  168. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd.
    Science. 1995 Jul 28;269(5223):496-512 PMID: 7542800
  169. Polypeptide flux through bacterial Hsp70: DnaK cooperates with trigger factor in chaperoning nascent chains.
    Cell. 1999 Jun 11;97(6):755-65 PMID: 10380927
  170. Selective degradation of unfolded proteins by the self-compartmentalizing HtrA protease, a periplasmic heat shock protein in Escherichia coli.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Dec 17;294(5):1363-74 PMID: 10600391
  171. ATP-enhanced molecular chaperone functions of the small heat shock protein human alphaB crystallin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):1004-9 PMID: 9448275
  172. Homology in structural organization between E. coli ClpAP protease and the eukaryotic 26 S proteasome.
    J Mol Biol. 1995 Jul 28;250(5):587-94 PMID: 7623377
  173. Mycobacterial stationary phase induced by low oxygen tension: cell wall thickening and localization of the 16-kilodalton alpha-crystallin homolog.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Feb;180(4):801-8 PMID: 9473032
  174. Hsp90 & Co. - a holding for folding.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):136-41 PMID: 10322418
  175. The first gene of the Bacillus subtilis clpC operon, ctsR, encodes a negative regulator of its own operon and other class III heat shock genes.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Dec;180(24):6681-8 PMID: 9852015
  176. Dissociation as a result of phosphorylation of an aggregated form of the small stress protein, hsp27.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 15;269(15):11274-8 PMID: 8157658
  177. Alpha-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 1;89(21):10449-53 PMID: 1438232
  178. The cardiomyopathy and lens cataract mutation in alphaB-crystallin alters its protein structure, chaperone activity, and interaction with intermediate filaments in vitro.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 19;274(47):33235-43 PMID: 10559197
  179. A novel quaternary structure of the dimeric alpha-crystallin domain with chaperone-like activity.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 13;276(15):12024-9 PMID: 11278766
  180. Genome sequence of Halobacterium species NRC-1.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Oct 24;97(22):12176-81 PMID: 11016950
  181. Molecular characterization of the gene encoding an 18-kilodalton small heat shock protein associated with the membrane of Leuconostoc oenos.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Feb;63(2):609-14 PMID: 9023938
  182. Crystal structure and assembly of a eukaryotic small heat shock protein.
    Nat Struct Biol. 2001 Dec;8(12):1025-30 PMID: 11702068
  183. Membrane physical state controls the signaling mechanism of the heat shock response in Synechocystis PCC 6803: identification of hsp17 as a "fluidity gene".
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 31;95(7):3513-8 PMID: 9520397
  184. Polypeptide binding of Escherichia coli FtsH (HflB).
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 May;28(4):803-12 PMID: 9643547
  185. Evidence for a lipochaperonin: association of active protein-folding GroESL oligomers with lipids can stabilize membranes under heat shock conditions.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Mar 18;94(6):2192-7 PMID: 9122170
  186. The ins and outs of a molecular chaperone machine.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Apr;23(4):138-43 PMID: 9584617
  187. Principles that govern the folding of protein chains.
    Science. 1973 Jul 20;181(4096):223-30 PMID: 4124164
  188. Cloning and molecular characterization of a Legionella pneumophila gene induced by intracellular infection and by various in vitro stress conditions.
    Mol Microbiol. 1994 Jul;13(2):243-51 PMID: 7984104
  189. Structure and function of small heat shock/alpha-crystallin proteins: established concepts and emerging ideas.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000 Jun;57(6):899-913 PMID: 10950306
  190. Sequence and molecular characterization of a DNA region encoding a small heat shock protein of Clostridium acetobutylicum.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Jun;175(11):3394-400 PMID: 8501044
  191. Roles of the Escherichia coli small heat shock proteins IbpA and IbpB in thermal stress management: comparison with ClpA, ClpB, and HtpG In vivo.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Oct;180(19):5165-72 PMID: 9748451
  192. Complete genome sequence of the alkaliphilic bacterium Bacillus halodurans and genomic sequence comparison with Bacillus subtilis.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Nov 1;28(21):4317-31 PMID: 11058132
  193. Two novel heat shock genes encoding proteins produced in response to heterologous protein expression in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Nov;174(21):6938-47 PMID: 1356969
  194. Chaperone activity of alpha-crystallins modulates intermediate filament assembly.
    EMBO J. 1994 Feb 15;13(4):945-53 PMID: 7906647
  195. Characterization and Physiological Function of Class I Low-Molecular-Mass, Heat-Shock Protein Complex in Soybean.
    Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):693-701 PMID: 12228501
  196. Chaperone hsp27 inhibits translation during heat shock by binding eIF4G and facilitating dissociation of cap-initiation complexes.
    Genes Dev. 2000 Jun 15;14(12):1460-70 PMID: 10859165
  197. The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. The Xylella fastidiosa Consortium of the Organization for Nucleotide Sequencing and Analysis.
    Nature. 2000 Jul 13;406(6792):151-9 PMID: 10910347
  198. C-terminal extension of truncated recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli with a 10Sa RNA decapeptide.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Apr 21;270(16):9322-6 PMID: 7536743
  199. Negative regulation of bacterial heat shock genes.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Jan;31(1):1-8 PMID: 9987104
  200. Cloning and characterization of the groESL operon from Bacillus subtilis.
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Jun;174(12):3981-92 PMID: 1350776
  201. Chloroplast small heat shock proteins: evidence for atypical evolution of an organelle-localized protein.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Dec 7;96(25):14394-9 PMID: 10588716
  202. Transient expression and heat-stress-induced co-aggregation of endogenous and heterologous small heat-stress proteins in tobacco protoplasts.
    Plant J. 2000 Nov;24(3):397-411 PMID: 11069712
  203. The complete genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus.
    Nature. 1998 Mar 26;392(6674):353-8 PMID: 9537320
  204. Chaperone-like activity of bovine lens alpha-crystallin in the presence of dithiothreitol-destabilized proteins: characterization of the formed complexes.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Sep 24;276(2):619-25 PMID: 11027522
  205. Chaperone activity of tobacco HSP18, a small heat-shock protein, is inhibited by ATP.
    Plant J. 2000 Sep;23(6):703-13 PMID: 10998182
  206. Constitutive expression of a small heat-shock protein confers cellular thermotolerance and thermal protection to the photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria.
    FEBS Lett. 2000 Oct 20;483(2-3):169-74 PMID: 11042275
  207. hsp27 as a switch between differentiation and apoptosis in murine embryonic stem cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 12;272(50):31657-65 PMID: 9395507
  208. Human hsp27, Drosophila hsp27 and human alphaB-crystallin expression-mediated increase in glutathione is essential for the protective activity of these proteins against TNFalpha-induced cell death.
    EMBO J. 1996 Jun 3;15(11):2695-706 PMID: 8654367
  209. Alpha-crystallin as a molecular chaperone.
    Prog Retin Eye Res. 1999 Jul;18(4):463-509 PMID: 10217480
  210. The interaction of the molecular chaperone, alpha-crystallin, with molten globule states of bovine alpha-lactalbumin.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Oct 31;272(44):27722-9 PMID: 9346914
  211. Genealogy of the alpha-crystallin--small heat-shock protein superfamily.
    Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3-4):151-62 PMID: 9650070
  212. The small, methionine-rich chloroplast heat-shock protein protects photosystem II electron transport during heat stress.
    Plant Physiol. 1998 Jan;116(1):439-444 PMID: 9449851
  213. Structural and functional similarities of bovine alpha-crystallin and mouse small heat-shock protein. A family of chaperones.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 15;268(2):1046-52 PMID: 8093449
  214. Structural and functional analysis of pCI65st, a 6.5 kb plasmid from Streptococcus thermophilus NDI-6.
    Microbiology. 1999 Jan;145 ( Pt 1):127-34 PMID: 10206690
  215. The 14,000-molecular-weight antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is related to the alpha-crystallin family of low-molecular-weight heat shock proteins.
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Feb;174(4):1352-9 PMID: 1370952
  216. Induction of Chinese hamster HSP27 gene expression in mouse cells confers resistance to heat shock. HSP27 stabilization of the microfilament organization.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 15;268(5):3420-9 PMID: 8429018
  217. The chloroplast small heat shock protein undergoes oxidation-dependent conformational changes and may protect plants from oxidative stress.
    Cell Stress Chaperones. 1999 Jun;4(2):129-38 PMID: 10547062
  218. Heat shock inducibility of an archaeal TATA-like promoter is controlled by adjacent sequence elements.
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 Feb;27(3):541-51 PMID: 9489666
  219. Promotion of mitochondrial membrane complex assembly by a proteolytically inactive yeast Lon.
    Science. 1996 Oct 4;274(5284):103-6 PMID: 8810243
  220. Role of the DnaK and HscA homologs of Hsp70 chaperones in protein folding in E.coli.
    EMBO J. 1998 Aug 17;17(16):4818-28 PMID: 9707441
  221. Heat shock and development induce synthesis of a low-molecular-weight stress-responsive protein in the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Nov;175(22):7479-82 PMID: 8226695
  222. Complete genome sequence of an aerobic hyper-thermophilic crenarchaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1.
    DNA Res. 1999 Apr 30;6(2):83-101, 145-52 PMID: 10382966
  223. How chaperones fold proteins.
    Biol Chem. 1998 Mar;379(3):245-59 PMID: 9563819
  224. Eubacterial sigma-factors.
    FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1998 Sep;22(3):127-50 PMID: 9818380
  225. Purification and characterization of SP21, a development-specific protein of the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Feb;175(3):905-8 PMID: 8423161
  226. Stationary phase-associated protein expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: function of the mycobacterial alpha-crystallin homolog.
    J Bacteriol. 1996 Aug;178(15):4484-92 PMID: 8755875
  227. Isolation and analysis of mutants of the dnaK operon of Bacillus subtilis.
    Mol Microbiol. 1995 Feb;15(3):421-9 PMID: 7540247
  228. Synthesis and characterization of a peptide identified as a functional element in alphaA-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):3767-71 PMID: 10660525
  229. The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
    Nature. 1997 Nov 20;390(6657):249-56 PMID: 9384377
  230. Identification of GroEL as a constituent of an mRNA-protection complex in Escherichia coli.
    Mol Microbiol. 1995 Jun;16(6):1259-68 PMID: 8577258
  231. Transient interaction of Hsp90 with early unfolding intermediates of citrate synthase. Implications for heat shock in vivo.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 31;270(13):7288-94 PMID: 7706269
  232. HSP16.6 is involved in the development of thermotolerance and thylakoid stability in the unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
    Curr Microbiol. 2000 Apr;40(4):283-7 PMID: 10688700
  233. Posttranslational quality control: folding, refolding, and degrading proteins.
    Science. 1999 Dec 3;286(5446):1888-93 PMID: 10583944
  234. Site-directed spin labeling study of subunit interactions in the alpha-crystallin domain of small heat-shock proteins. Comparison of the oligomer symmetry in alphaA-crystallin, HSP 27, and HSP 16.3.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 5;274(10):6305-14 PMID: 10037719
  235. Insight into the secondary structure of non-native proteins bound to a molecular chaperone alpha-crystallin. An isotope-edited infrared spectroscopic study.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 19;274(47):33209-12 PMID: 10559193
  236. NMR structure of the J-domain and the Gly/Phe-rich region of the Escherichia coli DnaJ chaperone.
    J Mol Biol. 1996 Jul 12;260(2):236-50 PMID: 8764403
  237. The genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic scavenger Thermoplasma acidophilum.
    Nature. 2000 Sep 28;407(6803):508-13 PMID: 11029001
  238. Heat stress proteins and transcription factors.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 1997 Jan;53(1):80-103 PMID: 9118000
  239. Clp-mediated proteolysis in Gram-positive bacteria is autoregulated by the stability of a repressor.
    EMBO J. 2001 Feb 15;20(4):852-63 PMID: 11179229
  240. Expression of small heat-shock proteins at low temperatures. A possible role in protecting against chilling injuries.
    Plant Physiol. 1998 Jun;117(2):651-8 PMID: 9625718
  241. Transcription initiation in Archaea: facts, factors and future aspects.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Mar;31(5):1295-305 PMID: 10200952
  242. Crystal structure of proteolytic fragments of the redox-sensitive Hsp33 with constitutive chaperone activity.
    Nat Struct Biol. 2001 May;8(5):459-66 PMID: 11323724
  243. A small-angle X-ray solution scattering study of bovine alpha-crystallin.
    Eur J Biochem. 2000 Jun;267(12):3848-58 PMID: 10849004
  244. Phosphorylation and supramolecular organization of murine small heat shock protein HSP25 abolish its actin polymerization-inhibiting activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20780-4 PMID: 8051180
  245. Hsp104, Hsp70, and Hsp40: a novel chaperone system that rescues previously aggregated proteins.
    Cell. 1998 Jul 10;94(1):73-82 PMID: 9674429
  246. Protein-protein communication within the transcription apparatus.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 May;175(9):2483-9 PMID: 8478317
  247. Phe71 is essential for chaperone-like function in alpha A-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):47094-9 PMID: 11598124
  248. Cytoplasmic heat shock granules are formed from precursor particles and are associated with a specific set of mRNAs.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Mar;9(3):1298-308 PMID: 2725500
  249. Temperature-dependent chaperone activity and structural properties of human alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 18;275(7):4565-70 PMID: 10671481
  250. Heat shock protein gene expression during Xenopus development.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 1997 Jan;53(1):114-21 PMID: 9117991
  251. The primary signal in the biological perception of temperature: Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation of membrane lipids stimulated the expression of the desA gene in Synechocystis PCC6803.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):9090-4 PMID: 8415659
  252. Cloning and sequencing of the dnaK locus in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).
    DNA Seq. 1996;6(3):179-84 PMID: 8722574
  253. Mutations and modifications support a 'pitted-flexiball' model for alpha-crystallin.
    Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3-4):187-96 PMID: 9650073
  254. An Arabidopsis heat shock protein complements a thermotolerance defect in yeast.
    Plant Cell. 1994 Dec;6(12):1899-909 PMID: 7866032
  255. The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti.
    Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):668-72 PMID: 11474104
  256. Chaperonins.
    Biochem J. 1998 Jul 15;333 ( Pt 2):233-42 PMID: 9657960
  257. Characterization and mutagenesis of the leucine biosynthetic genes of Azotobacter vinelandii: an analysis of the rarity of amino acid auxotrophs.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1997 Mar 26;254(2):207-17 PMID: 9108283
  258. Does the membrane's physical state control the expression of heat shock and other genes?
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Oct;23(10):369-74 PMID: 9810221
  259. Identification of 1,1'-bi(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5'-disulfonic acid binding sequences in alpha-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 19;273(25):15474-8 PMID: 9624133
  260. Interaction of 1,1'-bi(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5'-disulfonic acid with alpha-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 10;273(15):8965-70 PMID: 9535881
  261. Phosphorylation-induced change of the oligomerization state of alpha B-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 16;276(7):5346-52 PMID: 11096101
  262. Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58.
    Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1809-15 PMID: 10710307
  263. IbpA and IbpB, the new heat-shock proteins, bind to endogenous Escherichia coli proteins aggregated intracellularly by heat shock.
    Biochimie. 1996;78(2):117-22 PMID: 8818220
  264. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium.
    Science. 1995 Oct 20;270(5235):397-403 PMID: 7569993
  265. Discontinuous occurrence of the hsp70 (dnaK) gene among Archaea and sequence features of HSP70 suggest a novel outlook on phylogenies inferred from this protein.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Jan;181(2):434-43 PMID: 9882656
  266. Degradation of sigma 32, the heat shock regulator in Escherichia coli, is governed by HflB.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 11;92(8):3516-20 PMID: 7724592
  267. The chloroplast small heat-shock protein oligomer is not phosphorylated and does not dissociate during heat stress in vivo.
    Plant Physiol. 1998 Mar;116(3):1151-61 PMID: 9501148
  268. Characterization of the major membrane protein of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    Infect Immun. 1992 May;60(5):2066-74 PMID: 1563797
  269. Suppression of ftsH mutant phenotypes by overproduction of molecular chaperones.
    J Bacteriol. 1996 Feb;178(4):1141-5 PMID: 8576050
  270. Chaperone-like activity of the AAA domain of the yeast Yme1 AAA protease.
    Nature. 1999 Mar 25;398(6725):348-51 PMID: 10192337
  271. Assisting spontaneity: the role of Hsp90 and small Hsps as molecular chaperones.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1994 May;19(5):205-11 PMID: 7914036
  272. The correlation between heat-shock protein accumulation and persistence and chilling tolerance in tomato fruit.
    Plant Physiol. 1996 Feb;110(2):531-7 PMID: 8742333
  273. Complete genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98(7):4136-41 PMID: 11259647
  274. The chaperone-like alpha-crystallin forms a complex only with the aggregation-prone molten globule state of alpha-lactalbumin.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Aug 28;249(3):917-21 PMID: 9731236
  275. Conformational and functional differences between recombinant human lens alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 7;272(10):6220-5 PMID: 9045637
  276. Putative evolutionary origin of plasmids carrying the genes involved in leucine biosynthesis in Buchnera aphidicola (endosymbiont of aphids).
    J Bacteriol. 1997 Aug;179(15):4768-77 PMID: 9244264
  277. Small heat-shock proteins and their potential role in human disease.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2000 Feb;10(1):52-9 PMID: 10679464
  278. Modulation of cellular thermoresistance and actin filament stability accompanies phosphorylation-induced changes in the oligomeric structure of heat shock protein 27.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Jan;15(1):505-16 PMID: 7799959
  279. Small heat shock protein suppression of Vpr-induced cytoskeletal defects in budding yeast.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;17(7):4033-42 PMID: 9199338
  280. Expression and native structure of cytosolic class II small heat-shock proteins.
    Plant Physiol. 1997 Aug;114(4):1477-85 PMID: 9276957
  281. dnaK and the heat stress response of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1999 Jul;12(7):563-74 PMID: 10478477
  282. Translocation pathway of protein substrates in ClpAP protease.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Apr 10;98(8):4328-33 PMID: 11287666
  283. A novel DNA element that controls bacterial heat shock gene expression.
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 Apr;28(2):315-23 PMID: 9622356
  284. Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi.
    Nature. 1997 Dec 11;390(6660):580-6 PMID: 9403685
  285. HslV-HslU: A novel ATP-dependent protease complex in Escherichia coli related to the eukaryotic proteasome.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jun 11;93(12):5808-13 PMID: 8650174
  286. Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions.
    DNA Res. 1996 Jun 30;3(3):109-36 PMID: 8905231
  287. Identification of thermolabile Escherichia coli proteins: prevention and reversion of aggregation by DnaK and ClpB.
    EMBO J. 1999 Dec 15;18(24):6934-49 PMID: 10601016
  288. Folding pattern of the alpha-crystallin domain in alphaA-crystallin determined by site-directed spin labeling.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Nov 26;294(2):561-77 PMID: 10610780
  289. Complete sequence and gene organization of the genome of a hyper-thermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3.
    DNA Res. 1998 Apr 30;5(2):55-76 PMID: 9679194
  290. Localization of the stress protein SP21 in indole-induced spores, fruiting bodies, and heat-shocked cells of Stigmatella aurantiaca.
    J Bacteriol. 1995 Dec;177(24):7092-9 PMID: 8522514
  291. Conditional sigma factor expression, using the inducible acetamidase promoter, reveals that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigF gene modulates expression of the 16-kilodalton alpha-crystallin homologue.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Dec;181(24):7629-33 PMID: 10601225
  292. Disruption of the gene for hsp30, an alpha-crystallin-related heat shock protein of Neurospora crassa, causes defects in thermotolerance.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 23;92(11):5032-6 PMID: 7761443
  293. Studies on the alpha-crystallin target protein binding sites: sequential binding with two target proteins.
    Mol Vis. 2001 Jun 12;7:114-9 PMID: 11408844
  294. Interaction of DNA with bovine lens alpha-crystallin: its functional implications.
    Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3-4):315-20 PMID: 9650086
  295. CtsR, a novel regulator of stress and heat shock response, controls clp and molecular chaperone gene expression in gram-positive bacteria.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Jan;31(1):117-31 PMID: 9987115
  296. The Bradyrhizobium japonicum rpoH1 gene encoding a sigma 32-like protein is part of a unique heat shock gene cluster together with groESL1 and three small heat shock genes.
    J Bacteriol. 1996 Sep;178(18):5337-46 PMID: 8808920
  297. Heat shock resistance conferred by expression of the human HSP27 gene in rodent cells.
    J Cell Biol. 1989 Jul;109(1):7-15 PMID: 2745558
  298. Role of a peptide tagging system in degradation of proteins synthesized from damaged messenger RNA.
    Science. 1996 Feb 16;271(5251):990-3 PMID: 8584937
  299. alpha-crystallin prevents irreversible protein denaturation and acts cooperatively with other heat-shock proteins to renature the stabilized partially denatured protein in an ATP-dependent manner.
    Eur J Biochem. 2000 Aug;267(15):4705-12 PMID: 10903503
  300. Cloning, characterization, and transcriptional analysis of a gene encoding an alpha-crystallin-related, small heat shock protein from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Aug;180(15):3997-4001 PMID: 9683501
  301. The molecular evolution of the small heat-shock proteins in plants.
    Genetics. 1995 Oct;141(2):785-95 PMID: 8647410
  302. Functional characterization of Xenopus small heat shock protein, Hsp30C: the carboxyl end is required for stability and chaperone activity.
    Cell Stress Chaperones. 2000 Apr;5(2):148-59 PMID: 11147966
  303. Three-dimensional structure of the ATPase fragment of a 70K heat-shock cognate protein.
    Nature. 1990 Aug 16;346(6285):623-8 PMID: 2143562
  304. Heat-inactivated proteins are rescued by the DnaK.J-GrpE set and ClpB chaperones.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jun 22;96(13):7184-9 PMID: 10377389
  305. The mitochondrial small heat-shock protein protects NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of the electron transport chain during heat stress in plants.
    FEBS Lett. 1998 Jul 3;430(3):246-50 PMID: 9688548
  306. A small heat shock protein stably binds heat-denatured model substrates and can maintain a substrate in a folding-competent state.
    EMBO J. 1997 Feb 3;16(3):659-71 PMID: 9034347
  307. Mutation R120G in alphaB-crystallin, which is linked to a desmin-related myopathy, results in an irregular structure and defective chaperone-like function.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 25;96(11):6137-42 PMID: 10339554
  308. Small heat-shock protein structures reveal a continuum from symmetric to variable assemblies.
    J Mol Biol. 2000 Apr 28;298(2):261-72 PMID: 10764595
  309. Trigger factor and DnaK cooperate in folding of newly synthesized proteins.
    Nature. 1999 Aug 12;400(6745):693-6 PMID: 10458167
  310. Multiple small heat shock proteins in rhizobia.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Jan;181(1):83-90 PMID: 9864316
  311. The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus.
    Nature. 1997 Nov 27;390(6658):364-70 PMID: 9389475
  312. Proteins containing non-native disulfide bonds generated by oxidative stress can act as signals for the induction of the heat shock response.
    J Cell Physiol. 1997 May;171(2):143-51 PMID: 9130461
  313. Proteolysis of the phage lambda CII regulatory protein by FtsH (HflB) of Escherichia coli.
    Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jun;24(6):1303-10 PMID: 9218777
  314. A gene encoding a DnaK/hsp70 homolog in Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 15;91(6):2066-70 PMID: 8134349
  315. A dynamic quaternary structure of bovine alpha-crystallin as indicated from intermolecular exchange of subunits.
    Biochemistry. 1990 Apr 10;29(14):3488-93 PMID: 2354148
  316. Molecular characterization of a novel, developmentally regulated small embryonic chaperone from Caenorhabditis elegans.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 22;271(47):30158-66 PMID: 8939966
  317. Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS.
    Nature. 2000 Sep 7;407(6800):81-6 PMID: 10993077
  318. Characterization of twenty-six new heat shock genes of Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Aug;175(16):5242-52 PMID: 8349564
  319. The expanding family of Arabidopsis thaliana small heat stress proteins and a new family of proteins containing alpha-crystallin domains (Acd proteins).
    Cell Stress Chaperones. 2001 Jul;6(3):225-37 PMID: 11599564
  320. Expression of heat shock genes in Clostridium acetobutylicum.
    FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1995 Oct;17(3):341-8 PMID: 7576772
  321. Identification and characterization of HsIV HsIU (ClpQ ClpY) proteins involved in overall proteolysis of misfolded proteins in Escherichia coli.
    EMBO J. 1996 Dec 16;15(24):6899-909 PMID: 9003766
  322. Both ambient temperature and the DnaK chaperone machine modulate the heat shock response in Escherichia coli by regulating the switch between sigma 70 and sigma 32 factors assembled with RNA polymerase.
    EMBO J. 1995 Oct 16;14(20):5085-93 PMID: 7588636
  323. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80 PMID: 7984417
  324. Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima.
    Nature. 1999 May 27;399(6734):323-9 PMID: 10360571
  325. The small heat-shock protein, alphaB-crystallin, has a variable quaternary structure.
    J Mol Biol. 1998 Mar 20;277(1):27-35 PMID: 9514758
  326. The expression of small heat shock proteins in seeds responds to discrete developmental signals and suggests a general protective role in desiccation tolerance.
    Plant Physiol. 2000 Apr;122(4):1099-108 PMID: 10759505
  327. The N-end rule in bacteria.
    Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1374-7 PMID: 1962196
  328. ATP-dependent degradation of CcdA by Lon protease. Effects of secondary structure and heterologous subunit interactions.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 1;271(44):27730-8 PMID: 8910366
  329. Transcriptional regulation in Archaea.
    Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999 Apr;2(2):131-4 PMID: 10322164
  330. Heterologous expression of a plant small heat-shock protein enhances Escherichia coli viability under heat and cold stress.
    Plant Physiol. 1999 Jun;120(2):521-8 PMID: 10364403
  331. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete.
    Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):375-88 PMID: 9665876
  332. Oxidative stress is involved in heat-induced cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 May 14;93(10):5116-21 PMID: 8643537
  333. Site-directed mutations within the core "alpha-crystallin" domain of the small heat-shock protein, human alphaB-crystallin, decrease molecular chaperone functions.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Jun 4;289(2):397-411 PMID: 10366513
  334. Complete genome sequence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum deltaH: functional analysis and comparative genomics.
    J Bacteriol. 1997 Nov;179(22):7135-55 PMID: 9371463
  335. Effects of temperature stress on bean-nodulating Rhizobium strains.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Apr;60(4):1206-12 PMID: 16349229
  336. Acquired thermotolerance and heat shock proteins in thermophiles from the three phylogenetic domains.
    J Bacteriol. 1994 Oct;176(19):6148-52 PMID: 7928981
  337. Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii.
    Science. 1996 Aug 23;273(5278):1058-73 PMID: 8688087
  338. Chaperone-like activity and temperature-induced structural changes of alpha-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Sep 19;272(38):23559-64 PMID: 9295293
  339. Chaperone activity and homo- and hetero-oligomer formation of bacterial small heat shock proteins.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 24;275(47):37212-8 PMID: 10978322
  340. Four small Drosophila heat shock proteins are related to each other and to mammalian alpha-crystallin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Apr;79(7):2360-4 PMID: 6285380
  341. Size-dependent disaggregation of stable protein aggregates by the DnaK chaperone machinery.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 14;275(28):21107-13 PMID: 10801805
  342. Chaperone activity with a redox switch.
    Cell. 1999 Feb 5;96(3):341-52 PMID: 10025400
  343. The tomato Hsf system: HsfA2 needs interaction with HsfA1 for efficient nuclear import and may be localized in cytoplasmic heat stress granules.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Apr;18(4):2240-51 PMID: 9528795
  344. Expression of a gene encoding a 16.9-kDa heat-shock protein, Oshsp16.9, in Escherichia coli enhances thermotolerance.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Sep 30;94(20):10967-72 PMID: 9380743
  345. Small heat shock proteins inhibit in vitro A beta(1-42) amyloidogenesis.
    FEBS Lett. 1997 Oct 13;416(1):117-21 PMID: 9369246
  346. Characterization of Streptomyces albus 18-kilodalton heat shock-responsive protein.
    J Bacteriol. 1995 Jun;177(11):2998-3003 PMID: 7768794
  347. Multimerization of Hsp42p, a novel heat shock protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is dependent on a conserved carboxyl-terminal sequence.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 2;271(5):2717-23 PMID: 8576246
  348. Ancient heat shock gene is dispensable.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Jul;170(7):2977-83 PMID: 3290192
  349. A small heat shock protein cooperates with heat shock protein 70 systems to reactivate a heat-denatured protein.
    Plant Physiol. 2000 Jan;122(1):189-98 PMID: 10631262
  350. Small heat shock proteins, IbpA and IbpB, are involved in resistances to heat and superoxide stresses in Escherichia coli.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000 Mar 15;184(2):165-71 PMID: 10713416
  351. Homologs of Mycobacterium leprae 18-kilodalton and Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kilodalton antigens in other mycobacteria.
    Infect Immun. 1993 Apr;61(4):1509-15 PMID: 8454357
  352. Unique structural features of a novel class of small heat shock proteins.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 May 9;272(19):12847-53 PMID: 9139746
  353. The CspA family in Escherichia coli: multiple gene duplication for stress adaptation.
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jan;27(2):247-55 PMID: 9484881
  354. The CtsR regulator of stress response is active as a dimer and specifically degraded in vivo at 37 degrees C.
    Mol Microbiol. 2000 Oct;38(2):335-47 PMID: 11069659
  355. Chaperone function of mutant versions of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin prepared to pinpoint chaperone binding sites.
    Eur J Biochem. 2001 Feb;268(3):713-21 PMID: 11168410
  356. Refinement of 3D structure of bovine lens alpha A-crystallin.
    Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3-4):175-85 PMID: 9650072
  357. Biochemical characterization of the small heat shock protein IbpB from Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 9;274(15):9937-45 PMID: 10187768
  358. The ubiquitin system.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1997 Oct;22(10):383-7 PMID: 9357313
  359. Hsp27 negatively regulates cell death by interacting with cytochrome c.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;2(9):645-52 PMID: 10980706
  360. Structural analysis of substrate binding by the molecular chaperone DnaK.
    Science. 1996 Jun 14;272(5268):1606-14 PMID: 8658133
  361. The dynamics of Hsp25 quaternary structure. Structure and function of different oligomeric species.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 May 21;274(21):14867-74 PMID: 10329686
  362. Interaction between alphaB-crystallin and the human 20S proteasomal subunit C8/alpha7.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jan 12;1544(1-2):311-9 PMID: 11341940
  363. The complete sequence of the mucosal pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum.
    Nature. 2000 Oct 12;407(6805):757-62 PMID: 11048724
  364. Cloning, expression, and chaperone-like activity of human alphaA-crystallin.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 13;271(50):31973-80 PMID: 8943244
  365. Characterization of alpha-crystallin-plasma membrane binding.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 3;275(9):6664-72 PMID: 10692476
Article Info
Journal
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR
Abbr.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
ISSN
1092-2172
DOI
10.1128/MMBR.66.1.64-93.2002
Email
fnarber@micro.biol.ethz.ch
Published
2002-03-00
Pages
64-93; table of contents
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9706653
PMCID
PMC120782
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.66.1.64-93.2002 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2