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PMID: 7968924 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment.

Microbiological reviews ·Vol. 58 ·No. 3 ·1994-09-00 ·Pages 563-602

Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W

Abstract

Natural genetic transformation is the active uptake of free DNA by bacterial cells and the heritable incorporation of its genetic information. Since the famous discovery of transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae by Griffith in 1928 and the demonstration of DNA as the transforming principle by Avery and coworkers in 1944, cellular processes involved in transformation have been studied extensively by in vitro experimentation with a few transformable species. Only more recently has it been considered that transformation may be a powerful mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in natural bacterial populations. In this review the current understanding of the biology of transformation is summarized to provide the platform on which aspects of bacterial transformation in water, soil, and sediments and the habitat of pathogens are discussed. Direct and indirect evidence for gene transfer routes by transformation within species and between different species will be presented, along with data suggesting that plasmids as well as chromosomal DNA are subject to genetic exchange via transformation. Experiments exploring the prerequisites for transformation in the environment, including the production and persistence of free DNA and factors important for the uptake of DNA by cells, will be compiled, as well as possible natural barriers to transformation. The efficiency of gene transfer by transformation in bacterial habitats is possibly genetically adjusted to submaximal levels. The fact that natural transformation has been detected among bacteria from all trophic and taxonomic groups including archaebacteria suggests that transformability evolved early in phylogeny. Probable functions of DNA uptake other than gene acquisition will be discussed. The body of information presently available suggests that transformation has a great impact on bacterial population dynamics as well as on bacterial evolution and speciation.

MeSH Terms
DNA, Bacterial/metabolism Environment Soil Microbiology Transformation, Bacterial/physiology Water Microbiology
Chemicals
DNA, Bacterial
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Lorenz M G
Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany.
Wackernagel W
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Article Info
Journal
Microbiological reviews
Abbr.
Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0146-0749
DOI
10.1128/mr.58.3.563-602.1994
Published
1994-09-00
Pages
563-602
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7806086
PMCID
PMC372978
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/mr.58.3.563-602.1994 PMC Full Text
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