Transforming growth factor beta reverses the glucocorticoid-induced wound-healing deficit in rats: possible regulation in macrophages by platelet-derived growth factor.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are potent mitogenic polypeptides which enhance rates of wound healing in experimental animals; in contrast, glucocorticoids inhibit wound repair. The potential of TGF-beta and PDGF to reverse this inhibition in healing was tested in methylprednisolone-treated rats with deficits in skin wound strength of 50%. Single applications of TGF-beta (10-40 pmol per wound, 0.25-1 micrograms) applied locally at the time of wounding fully reversed this deficit in a concentration-dependent and highly reproducible manner. Wounds in glucocorticoid-treated animals were characterized by a near total absence of neutrophils and macrophages and by a delayed influx and reduced density of fibroblasts; however, such wounds treated with TGF-beta showed significant increases in wound fibroblasts and in intracellular procollagen type I. PDGF did not reverse the deficit in wound breaking strength in glucocorticoid-treated rats; there were more fibroblasts in the PDGF-treated wounds, but these fibroblasts lacked the enhanced expression of procollagen type I found in TGF-beta-treated wounds. The wound macrophages, required for normal tissue repair, remained absent from both PDGF- and TGF-beta-treated wounds in glucocorticoid-treated animals. This result suggested that macrophages might normally act as an intermediate in the induction of procollagen synthesis in fibroblasts of PDGF-treated wounds and that TGF-beta might bypass the macrophage through its capacity to stimulate directly new synthesis of procollagen type I in fibroblasts. Whereas PDGF does not stimulate procollagen synthesis, in a rodent macrophage cell line, PDGF induced a highly significant, time-dependent enhancement of expression of TGF-beta.