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PMID: 24050178 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Control of transcriptional elongation.

Annual review of genetics ·Vol. 47 ·2013-00-00 ·Pages 483-508

Kwak H, Lis JT

Abstract

Elongation is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical step in eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. Although traditional genetic and biochemical studies have identified major players of transcriptional elongation, our understanding of the importance and roles of these factors is evolving rapidly through the recent advances in genome-wide and single-molecule technologies. Here, we focus on how elongation can modulate the transcriptional outcome through the rate-liming step of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing near promoters and how the participating factors were identified. Among the factors we describe are the pausing factors--NELF (negative elongation factor) and DSIF (DRB sensitivity-inducing factor)--and P-TEFb (positive elongation factor b), which is the key player in pause release. We also describe the high-resolution view of Pol II pausing and propose nonexclusive models for how pausing is achieved. We then discuss Pol II elongation through the bodies of genes and the roles of FACT and SPT6, factors that allow Pol II to move through nucleosomes.

MeSH Terms
Animals DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology Drosophila Proteins/physiology Drosophila melanogaster/genetics Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism High Mobility Group Proteins/physiology Humans Mammals/genetics Models, Genetic Nucleosomes/genetics Phosphorylation Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics Protein Interaction Mapping RNA Caps/genetics RNA Polymerase II/genetics RNA Splicing Ribosomes/genetics Transcription Elongation, Genetic/physiology Transcription Factors/physiology Transcriptional Elongation Factors/physiology
Chemicals
DNA-Binding Proteins Drosophila Proteins High Mobility Group Proteins Nucleosomes RNA Caps SSRP1 protein, human SUPT6H protein, human Transcription Factors Transcriptional Elongation Factors RNA Polymerase II
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Kwak Hojoong
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703; email: hk572@cornell.edu , jtl10@cornell.edu.
Lis John T
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Article Info
Journal
Annual review of genetics
Abbr.
Annu Rev Genet
ISSN
1545-2948
DOI
10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155440
Email
hk572@cornell.edu
jtl10@cornell.edu
Published
2013-00-00
Epub
2013-00-11
Pages
483-508
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0117605
PMCID
PMC3974797
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM025232 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R37 GM025232 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155440 PMC Full Text View journal details
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