Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 7747939 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductase synthesis in enterobacteria.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ·Vol. 66 ·No. 1-3 ·1994-00-00 ·Pages 37-45

Stewart V

Abstract

Enterobacteria use nitrate and nitrite both as electron acceptors and as sources of nitrogen for biosynthesis. Nitrate is reduced through nitrite to ammonium in both cases. The enzymes and structural genes for nitrate/nitrite respiration and assimilation are distinct, and are subject to different patterns of regulation. Respiratory enzyme synthesis is indifferent to the availability of ammonium, and is induced by anaerobiosis via the FNR protein. Respiratory enzyme synthesis is further induced by nitrate or nitrite via the NARL and NARP proteins, which are response regulators of two-component regulatory systems. The cognate sensor proteins NARX and NARQ monitor the availability of nitrate and nitrite, and control the activity of the NARL and NARP DNA-binding proteins accordingly. Additionally, nitrate represses the synthesis of respiratory nitrite reductase, and this control is mediated by the NARL protein. Assimilatory enzyme synthesis is indifferent to the availability of oxygen, and is induced by ammonium limitation via the NTRC protein. Assimilatory enzyme synthesis is further induced by nitrate or nitrite via the NASR protein, which may act as a transcription antiterminator. Even though the respiratory and assimilatory enzyme systems are genetically distinct and subject to different forms of regulation, the structural and regulatory genes are closely linked on the Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome.

MeSH Terms
Anaerobiosis Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology,genetics Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/genetics Genes, Bacterial Nitrate Reductases/biosynthesis,genetics Nitrates/metabolism Nitrite Reductases/biosynthesis,genetics Nitrites/metabolism Operon/genetics Oxygen/physiology
Chemicals
Nitrates Nitrites Nitrate Reductases Nitrite Reductases Oxygen
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Stewart V
Section of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, USA.
References (48)
48 references, click to expand
  1. The narL gene product activates the nitrate reductase operon and represses the fumarate reductase and trimethylamine N-oxide reductase operons in Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3901-5 PMID: 3035558
  2. Upstream sequence elements required for NarL-mediated activation of transcription from the narGHJI promoter of Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Jul 15;267(20):14122-8 PMID: 1629213
  3. Anaerobically expressed Escherichia coli genes identified by operon fusion techniques.
    J Bacteriol. 1991 Oct;173(19):6139-46 PMID: 1917846
  4. Different physiological roles of two independent pathways for nitrite reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria.
    Arch Microbiol. 1990;154(4):349-54 PMID: 2173895
  5. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation catalyzed in vitro by purified components of the nitrate sensing system, NarX and NarL.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 25;268(12):8391-3 PMID: 8473280
  6. Transcriptional antitermination in the bgl operon of E. coli is modulated by a specific RNA binding protein.
    Cell. 1990 Sep 21;62(6):1153-63 PMID: 1698125
  7. The frdR gene of Escherichia coli globally regulates several operons involved in anaerobic growth in response to nitrate.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Feb;170(2):623-9 PMID: 3276662
  8. Structures of genes nasA and nasB, encoding assimilatory nitrate and nitrite reductases in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Apr;175(8):2370-8 PMID: 8468296
  9. Identification of the formate dehydrogenases and genetic determinants of formate-dependent nitrite reduction by Escherichia coli K12.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1993 Aug;139(8):1829-40 PMID: 8409924
  10. Influence of nar (nitrate reductase) genes on nitrate inhibition of formate-hydrogen lyase and fumarate reductase gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Oct;170(10):4437-44 PMID: 3049531
  11. Identification and structure of the nasR gene encoding a nitrate- and nitrite-responsive positive regulator of nasFEDCBA (nitrate assimilation) operon expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al.
    J Bacteriol. 1994 Aug;176(16):5077-85 PMID: 8051020
  12. Identification and characterization of narQ, a second nitrate sensor for nitrate-dependent gene regulation in Escherichia coli.
    Mol Microbiol. 1992 Jul;6(14):1913-23 PMID: 1508040
  13. Genetic regulation of nitrate assimilation in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al.
    J Bacteriol. 1989 May;171(5):2666-72 PMID: 2540153
  14. Positive control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase synthesis is mediated by a transcription anti-termination mechanism.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1989 Apr;135(4):817-23 PMID: 2513374
  15. Transmembrane signaling by bacterial chemoreceptors: E. coli transducers with locked signal output.
    Cell. 1988 Dec 2;55(5):817-26 PMID: 3056621
  16. Activation of the Escherichia coli nitrate reductase (narGHJI) operon by NarL and Fnr requires integration host factor.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 15;268(2):771-4 PMID: 8419352
  17. Localization of upstream sequence elements required for nitrate and anaerobic induction of fdn (formate dehydrogenase-N) operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Aug;174(15):4935-42 PMID: 1629153
  18. Nitrate regulation of anaerobic respiratory gene expression in Escherichia coli.
    Mol Microbiol. 1993 Aug;9(3):425-34 PMID: 8412692
  19. Dual response regulators (NarL and NarP) interact with dual sensors (NarX and NarQ) to control nitrate- and nitrite-regulated gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Jun;175(11):3259-68 PMID: 8501030
  20. Purification and characterization of the assimilatory nitrate reductase of Azotobacter vinelandii.
    Biochem J. 1993 Jan 15;289 ( Pt 2):335-42 PMID: 8380991
  21. Communication modules in bacterial signaling proteins.
    Annu Rev Genet. 1992;26:71-112 PMID: 1482126
  22. Nitrite and ammonia assimilation by anaerobic continuous cultures of Escherichia coli.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1974 Nov;85(1):11-22 PMID: 4154967
  23. Requirement of Fnr and NarL functions for nitrate reductase expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1982 Sep;151(3):1320-5 PMID: 7050087
  24. Nitrate- and molybdenum-independent signal transduction mutations in narX that alter regulation of anaerobic respiratory genes in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1990 Dec;172(12):7049-56 PMID: 2254274
  25. Identification and expression of genes narL and narX of the nar (nitrate reductase) locus in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Apr;170(4):1589-97 PMID: 2832370
  26. Regulation of nitrate assimilation and nitrate respiration in Aerobacter aerogenes.
    J Bacteriol. 1968 Nov;96(5):1455-64 PMID: 5726295
  27. Structure and function of a periplasmic nitrate reductase in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Sep;175(18):5867-76 PMID: 8376334
  28. Generation of a membrane potential by one of two independent pathways for nitrite reduction by Escherichia coli.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1982 Jan;128(1):219-22 PMID: 6283015
  29. Either of two functionally redundant sensor proteins, NarX and NarQ, is sufficient for nitrate regulation in Escherichia coli K-12.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8419-23 PMID: 1528845
  30. Mutational analysis of nitrate regulatory gene narL in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1991 Jul;173(14):4424-32 PMID: 2066339
  31. Kinetic evaluation, using 13N, reveals two assimilatory nitrate transport systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    J Bacteriol. 1982 Jan;149(1):198-202 PMID: 7033208
  32. Nitrate regulation of anaerobic respiratory gene expression in narX deletion mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1990 Sep;172(9):5020-9 PMID: 2144276
  33. A seven-gene operon essential for formate-dependent nitrite reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria.
    Mol Microbiol. 1994 Apr;12 (1):153-63 PMID: 8057835
  34. Nitrate respiration in relation to facultative metabolism in enterobacteria.
    Microbiol Rev. 1988 Jun;52(2):190-232 PMID: 3045516
  35. The integration host factor stimulates interaction of RNA polymerase with NIFA, the transcriptional activator for nitrogen fixation operons.
    Cell. 1990 Oct 5;63(1):11-22 PMID: 2208275
  36. Definition of nitrite and nitrate response elements at the anaerobically inducible Escherichia coli nirB promoter: interactions between FNR and NarL.
    Mol Microbiol. 1993 Jan;7(1):151-7 PMID: 8437517
  37. Genetic evidence that NarL function is not required for nitrate regulation of nitrate assimilation in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al.
    J Bacteriol. 1990 Aug;172(8):4482-8 PMID: 2198261
  38. Structural genes for nitrate-inducible formate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli K-12.
    Genetics. 1990 Aug;125(4):691-702 PMID: 2168848
  39. Transcriptional control, translation and function of the products of the five open reading frames of the Escherichia coli nir operon.
    Mol Microbiol. 1992 Oct;6(19):2805-13 PMID: 1435259
  40. Identification and characterization of a gene cluster involved in nitrate transport in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Jan;236(2-3):193-202 PMID: 8437564
  41. The nasFEDCBA operon for nitrate and nitrite assimilation in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al.
    J Bacteriol. 1994 May;176(9):2551-9 PMID: 8169203
  42. Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive responses in bacteria.
    Microbiol Rev. 1989 Dec;53(4):450-90 PMID: 2556636
  43. Nucleotide sequence of the aliphatic amidase regulator gene (amiR) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    FEBS Lett. 1989 Mar 27;246(1-2):39-43 PMID: 2495988
  44. Location of sequences in the nar promoter of Escherichia coli required for regulation by Fnr and NarL.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Sep 25;263(27):13700-5 PMID: 3138237
  45. Prokaryotic enhancer-binding proteins reflect eukaryote-like modularity: the puzzle of nitrogen regulatory protein C.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Jul;175(14):4267-73 PMID: 8331061
  46. Mutational analysis reveals functional similarity between NARX, a nitrate sensor in Escherichia coli K-12, and the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins.
    J Bacteriol. 1992 Jun;174(11):3667-75 PMID: 1592821
  47. In vivo requirement of integration host factor for nar (nitrate reductase) operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8701-5 PMID: 1528882
  48. Regulation and sequence of the structural gene for cytochrome c552 from Escherichia coli: not a hexahaem but a 50 kDa tetrahaem nitrite reductase.
    Mol Microbiol. 1993 Sep;9(6):1255-65 PMID: 7934939
Article Info
Journal
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Abbr.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
ISSN
0003-6072
DOI
10.1007/BF00871631
Published
1994-00-00
Pages
37-45
Language
English
Region
Netherlands
NLM ID
0372625
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · GM36877 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1007/BF00871631 View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2