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PMID: 23473601 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Modification of enhancer chromatin: what, how, and why?

Molecular cell ·Vol. 49 ·No. 5 ·2013-03-07 ·Pages 825-37

Calo E, Wysocka J

Abstract

Emergence of form and function during embryogenesis arises in large part through cell-type- and cell-state-specific variation in gene expression patterns, mediated by specialized cis-regulatory elements called enhancers. Recent large-scale epigenomic mapping revealed unexpected complexity and dynamics of enhancer utilization patterns, with 400,000 putative human enhancers annotated by the ENCODE project alone. These large-scale efforts were largely enabled through the understanding that enhancers share certain stereotypical chromatin features. However, an important question still lingers: what is the functional significance of enhancer chromatin modification? Here we give an overview of enhancer-associated modifications of histones and DNA and discuss enzymatic activities involved in their dynamic deposition and removal. We describe potential downstream effectors of these marks and propose models for exploring functions of chromatin modification in regulating enhancer activity during development.

MeSH Terms
Animals Chromatin/genetics,metabolism Enhancer Elements, Genetic Epigenomics Histones/genetics,metabolism Humans Promoter Regions, Genetic
Chemicals
Chromatin Histones
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Calo Eliezer
Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Wysocka Joanna
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Article Info
Journal
Molecular cell
Abbr.
Mol Cell
ISSN
1097-4164
DOI
10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.038
Published
2013-03-07
Pages
825-37
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9802571
PMCID
PMC3857148
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM095555 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · GM 095555-01 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.038 PMC Full Text View journal details
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