Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 15170624 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

SARS coronavirus induces apoptosis in Vero E6 cells.

Journal of medical virology ·Vol. 73 ·No. 3 ·2004-07-00 ·Pages 323-31

Yan H, Xiao G, Zhang J, Hu Y, Yuan F, Cole DK, Zheng C, Gao GF

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease. Its etiological agent has been convincingly identified as a new member of family Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV). It causes serious damage to the respiratory system yet the mechanism is not clear. Infection-induced apoptosis or necrosis is suspected but no direct evidence for this yet exists. To date, Vero E6 cells are the only cell line that could be used to replicate the virus with obvious CPE (cytopathic effect) in vitro. It is known for some viruses (including members of family Coronaviridae) that CPE can be caused either by virus-induced apoptosis (active death) or cell necrosis (passive death). In this study, we examined the apoptosis in the SARS-CoV infected Vero E6 cells. Indeed, the results do show that the CPE was induced by apoptosis rather than necrosis, shown by typical DNA fragmentation, through the existence of apoptotic bodies and swollen mitochondria. This observation has some implications for the SARS-CoV pathogenicity: SARS-CoV does induce apoptosis in cell cultures and might have the same effect in vivo, responsible for the severe damage of the respiratory system.

MeSH Terms
Animals Apoptosis Cell Nucleus/pathology,ultrastructure Chlorocebus aethiops Chromatin/ultrastructure Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral DNA Fragmentation Fluorescence Immunochemistry Microscopy, Electron Mitochondria/pathology,ultrastructure SARS Virus/growth & development,pathogenicity Staining and Labeling Vero Cells
Chemicals
Chromatin
Authors & Affiliations
8 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Yan Huimin
School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Xiao Gengfu
Zhang Jiamin
Hu Yuanyang
Yuan Fang
Cole David K
Zheng Congyi
Gao George F
References (50)
50 references, click to expand
  1. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.
    Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):276-8 PMID: 12958366
  2. Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis.
    Genes Dev. 1996 Jan 1;10(1):1-15 PMID: 8557188
  3. Apoptosis is induced by hantaviruses in cultured cells.
    Virology. 1999 Nov 10;264(1):99-105 PMID: 10544134
  4. Hantaviruses induce cytopathic effects and apoptosis in continuous human embryonic kidney cells.
    J Gen Virol. 2003 Aug;84(Pt 8):2197-2202 PMID: 12867652
  5. Apoptosis as a cause of death in measles virus-infected cells.
    J Virol. 1995 Jun;69(6):3955-8 PMID: 7745753
  6. Dengue virus type 2 NS3 protease and NS2B-NS3 protease precursor induce apoptosis.
    J Gen Virol. 2003 Aug;84(Pt 8):2191-2195 PMID: 12867651
  7. Apoptosis and T-cell depletion during feline infectious peritonitis.
    J Virol. 1996 Dec;70(12):8977-83 PMID: 8971027
  8. The viral nucleocapsid protein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is cleaved by caspase-6 and -7 during TGEV-induced apoptosis.
    J Virol. 2000 May;74(9):3975-83 PMID: 10756009
  9. Pathological study on severe acute respiratory syndrome.
    Chin Med J (Engl). 2003 Jul;116(7):976-80 PMID: 12890365
  10. Extremely low frequency (ELF) pulsed-gradient magnetic fields inhibit malignant tumour growth at different biological levels.
    Cell Biol Int. 2002;26(7):599-603 PMID: 12127939
  11. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
    N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15;348(20):1953-66 PMID: 12690092
  12. Induction and inhibition of apoptosis by pseudorabies virus in the trigeminal ganglion during acute infection of swine.
    J Virol. 2001 Jan;75(1):469-79 PMID: 11119615
  13. [Detection of cell apoptosis in the pathological tissues of patients with SARS and its significance].
    Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003 Aug;23(8):770-3 PMID: 12919893
  14. Influenza virus induction of apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.
    Int Rev Immunol. 2003 Sep-Dec;22(5-6):425-49 PMID: 12959753
  15. Viral homologs of BCL-2: role of apoptosis in the regulation of virus infection.
    Genes Dev. 2002 Oct 1;16(19):2465-78 PMID: 12368257
  16. Apoptosis: a mechanism of cell killing by influenza A and B viruses.
    J Virol. 1994 Jun;68(6):3667-73 PMID: 8189504
  17. Apoptosis. An endonuclease at last.
    Nature. 1998 Jan 1;391(6662):20-1 PMID: 9422500
  18. Apoptotic cells, including macrophages, are prominent in Theiler's virus-induced inflammatory, demyelinating lesions.
    J Virol. 2003 Apr;77(7):4383-8 PMID: 12634394
  19. Deletion of the gene encoding the adenovirus 5 early region 1b 21,000-molecular-weight polypeptide leads to degradation of viral and host cell DNA.
    J Virol. 1984 Nov;52(2):664-71 PMID: 6492257
  20. Rubella virus-induced cytopathic effect in vitro is caused by apoptosis.
    J Gen Virol. 1999 Jul;80 ( Pt 7):1657-1664 PMID: 10423133
  21. Virus-induced apoptosis.
    Adv Pharmacol. 1997;41:295-336 PMID: 9204150
  22. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
    N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15;348(20):1967-76 PMID: 12690091
  23. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: identification of the etiological agent.
    Trends Mol Med. 2003 Aug;9(8):325-7 PMID: 12928032
  24. Physiological significance of apoptosis in animal virus infection.
    Microbes Infect. 2000 Jul;2(9):1111-7 PMID: 10967291
  25. Apoptosis: an innate immune response to virus infection.
    Trends Microbiol. 1999 Apr;7(4):160-5 PMID: 10217831
  26. Induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by influenza virus infection in tissue culture cells.
    J Gen Virol. 1993 Nov;74 ( Pt 11):2347-55 PMID: 7504071
  27. Viral oncoapoptosis of human tumor cells.
    Gene Ther. 2003 Aug;10(17):1437-45 PMID: 12900758
  28. Induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in cultured cells by the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.
    J Virol. 2001 Jul;75(14):6402-9 PMID: 11413307
  29. Virulent influenza A viruses induce apoptosis in chickens.
    Virus Res. 2002 Mar 20;84(1-2):27-35 PMID: 11900836
  30. Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China.
    J Med Microbiol. 2003 Aug;52(Pt 8):715-720 PMID: 12867568
  31. In vivo induction of apoptosis by influenza virus.
    J Gen Virol. 1995 Nov;76 ( Pt 11):2869-73 PMID: 7595397
  32. Apoptosis induced in vivo during acute infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
    Vet Pathol. 1998 Nov;35(6):506-14 PMID: 9823592
  33. Regulation of apoptosis by viral gene products.
    J Virol. 1997 Mar;71(3):1739-46 PMID: 9032302
  34. Advances in apoptosis research.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Nov 25;94(24):12736-7 PMID: 9398063
  35. Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus.
    Nature. 2003 May 15;423(6937):240 PMID: 12748632
  36. Measles virus induces apoptosis in uninfected bystander T cells and leads to granzyme B and caspase activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures.
    Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 May;33(5):434-42 PMID: 12713458
  37. ASK1 regulates influenza virus infection-induced apoptotic cell death.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Aug 8;307(4):870-6 PMID: 12878192
  38. Reovirus-induced apoptosis: A minireview.
    Apoptosis. 2003 Mar;8(2):141-50 PMID: 12766474
  39. SARS: understanding the coronavirus: apoptosis may explain lymphopenia of SARS.
    BMJ. 2003 Sep 13;327(7415):620 PMID: 12969939
  40. Influenza A virus-induced apoptosis in bronchiolar epithelial (NCI-H292) cells limits pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
    J Gen Virol. 2003 Sep;84(Pt 9):2389-2400 PMID: 12917460
  41. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics.
    Br J Cancer. 1972 Aug;26(4):239-57 PMID: 4561027
  42. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.
    Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1394-9 PMID: 12730500
  43. Influenza virus ns1 protein induces apoptosis in cultured cells.
    J Virol. 2001 Sep;75(17):7875-81 PMID: 11483732
  44. Viruses and apoptosis.
    J Gen Virol. 1998 Aug;79 ( Pt 8):1833-45 PMID: 9714231
  45. Viruses and apoptosis.
    Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1995 Feb;5(1):105-11 PMID: 7749317
  46. Virus multiplication and induction of apoptosis by Sendai virus: role of the C proteins.
    Microbes Infect. 2003 Apr;5(5):373-8 PMID: 12737992
  47. The evolution of virus-induced apoptosis.
    Proc Biol Sci. 1997 Dec 22;264(1389):1757-62 PMID: 9447732
  48. The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus.
    Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1399-404 PMID: 12730501
  49. G(1)-phase specific apoptosis in liver carcinoma cell line induced by copper-1,10-phenanthroline.
    Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2002 Jun;34(6):678-84 PMID: 11943598
  50. Molecular pathogenesis of influenza A virus infection and virus-induced regulation of cytokine gene expression.
    Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2001 Jun-Sep;12(2-3):171-80 PMID: 11325600
Article Info
Journal
Journal of medical virology
Abbr.
J Med Virol
ISSN
0146-6615
DOI
10.1002/jmv.20094
Published
2004-07-00
Pages
323-31
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7705876
PMCID
PMC7166321
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20094 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2