Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 10348843 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Saccharomyces cerevisiae mid2p is a potential cell wall stress sensor and upstream activator of the PKC1-MPK1 cell integrity pathway.

Journal of bacteriology ·Vol. 181 ·No. 11 ·1999-06-00 ·Pages 3330-40

Ketela T, Green R, Bussey H

Abstract

The MID2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a protein with structural features indicative of a plasma membrane-associated cell wall sensor. MID2 was isolated as a multicopy activator of the Skn7p transcription factor. Deletion of MID2 causes resistance to calcofluor white, diminished production of stress-induced cell wall chitin under a variety of conditions, and changes in growth rate and viability in a number of different cell wall biosynthesis mutants. Overexpression of MID2 causes hyperaccumulation of chitin and increased sensitivity to calcofluor white. alpha-Factor hypersensitivity of mid2Delta mutants can be suppressed by overexpression of upstream elements of the cell integrity pathway, including PKC1, RHO1, WSC1, and WSC2. Mid2p and Wsc1p appear to have overlapping roles in maintaining cell integrity since mid2Delta wsc1Delta mutants are inviable on medium that does not contain osmotic support. A role for MID2 in the cell integrity pathway is further supported by the finding that MID2 is required for induction of Mpk1p tyrosine phosphorylation during exposure to alpha-factor, calcofluor white, or high temperature. Our data are consistent with a role for Mid2p in sensing cell wall stress and in activation of a response that includes both increased chitin synthesis and the Mpk1p mitogen-activated protein kinase cell integrity pathway. In addition, we have identified an open reading frame, MTL1, which encodes a protein with both structural and functional similarity to Mid2p.

MeSH Terms
Benzenesulfonates/pharmacology Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics,isolation & purification,metabolism,physiology Cell Wall/drug effects,genetics,metabolism Chitin/biosynthesis,metabolism DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics Enzyme Induction Epistasis, Genetic Fungal Proteins/genetics,metabolism Gene Deletion Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal Genes, Fungal/genetics Genes, Suppressor/genetics Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins Mating Factor Membrane Glycoproteins Membrane Proteins/genetics,isolation & purification,metabolism,physiology Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Osmolar Concentration Peptides/pharmacology Phosphorylation/drug effects Phosphotyrosine/metabolism Protein Kinase C Protein Kinases/genetics,metabolism Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis,isolation & purification,metabolism Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects,enzymology,genetics,growth & development Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins Temperature Transcription Factors/genetics
Chemicals
Benzenesulfonates Calcium-Binding Proteins DNA-Binding Proteins Fungal Proteins Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins MID2 protein, S cerevisiae Membrane Glycoproteins Membrane Proteins Peptides Recombinant Fusion Proteins SKN7 protein, S cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins Transcription Factors Chitin Phosphotyrosine Mating Factor C.I. Fluorescent Brightening Agent 28 Protein Kinases Pkc1 protein, Trichoderma reesei Protein Kinase C Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases SLT2 protein, S cerevisiae
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Ketela T
Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1.
Green R
Bussey H
References (48)
48 references, click to expand
  1. Yeast beta-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11295-9 PMID: 1837148
  2. The yeast KRE9 gene encodes an O glycoprotein involved in cell surface beta-glucan assembly.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;13(10):6346-56 PMID: 8413233
  3. O-linked oligosaccharides in yeast glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein gp115 are clustered in a serine-rich region not essential for its function.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 5;269(31):19695-700 PMID: 8051047
  4. Isolation of Candida glabrata homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae KRE9 and KNH1 genes and their involvement in cell wall beta-1,6-glucan synthesis.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Oct;180(19):5020-9 PMID: 9748432
  5. Identification of two cell cycle regulated genes affecting the beta 1,3-glucan content of cell walls in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    FEBS Lett. 1995 Jan 23;358(2):165-70 PMID: 7828729
  6. Potentially rapid walking in cellular regulatory networks using the gene-gene interference method in yeast.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Aug;240(2):245-57 PMID: 8355657
  7. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 (ETG1) gene encodes an integral membrane protein which is a subunit of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12907-11 PMID: 7528927
  8. A synthetic lethal screen identifies SLK1, a novel protein kinase homolog implicated in yeast cell morphogenesis and cell growth.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;12(3):1162-78 PMID: 1545797
  9. The yeast FKS1 gene encodes a novel membrane protein, mutations in which confer FK506 and cyclosporin A hypersensitivity and calcineurin-dependent growth.
    Gene. 1994 Dec 30;151(1-2):61-71 PMID: 7530227
  10. A screen for upstream components of the yeast protein kinase C signal transduction pathway identifies the product of the SLG1 gene.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1998 Apr;258(1-2):148-55 PMID: 9613583
  11. The yeast cell wall, a dynamic structure engaged in growth and morphogenesis.
    Biochem Soc Trans. 1997 Feb;25(1):200-4 PMID: 9056871
  12. New heterologous modules for classical or PCR-based gene disruptions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Yeast. 1994 Dec;10(13):1793-808 PMID: 7747518
  13. Protein glycosylation in yeast.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Apr 27;906(1):81-99 PMID: 3552049
  14. Isolation from Candida albicans of a functional homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae KRE1 gene, which is involved in cell wall beta-glucan synthesis.
    J Bacteriol. 1991 Nov;173(21):6859-64 PMID: 1938890
  15. A downstream target of RHO1 small GTP-binding protein is PKC1, a homolog of protein kinase C, which leads to activation of the MAP kinase cascade in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    EMBO J. 1995 Dec 1;14(23):5931-8 PMID: 8846785
  16. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection.
    Methods Enzymol. 1987;154:367-82 PMID: 3323813
  17. Analysis of RhoA-binding proteins reveals an interaction domain conserved in heterotrimeric G protein beta subunits and the yeast response regulator protein Skn7.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 10;273(15):8616-22 PMID: 9535835
  18. Increase in chitin as an essential response to defects in assembly of cell wall polymers in the ggp1delta mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    J Bacteriol. 1997 Jan;179(2):463-9 PMID: 8990299
  19. Rho1p, a yeast protein at the interface between cell polarization and morphogenesis.
    Science. 1996 Apr 12;272(5259):277-9 PMID: 8602514
  20. Effect of Calcofluor white and Congo red on fungal cell wall morphogenesis: in vivo activation of chitin polymerization.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Sep;163(3):1180-5 PMID: 3897187
  21. A yeast mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog (Mpk1p) mediates signalling by protein kinase C.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1993 May;13(5):3067-75 PMID: 8386319
  22. SKN7, a yeast multicopy suppressor of a mutation affecting cell wall beta-glucan assembly, encodes a product with domains homologous to prokaryotic two-component regulators and to heat shock transcription factors.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Nov;175(21):6908-15 PMID: 8226633
  23. Loss of the plasma membrane-bound protein Gas1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in the release of beta1,3-glucan into the medium and induces a compensation mechanism to ensure cell wall integrity.
    J Bacteriol. 1998 Mar;180(6):1418-24 PMID: 9515908
  24. Yeast Skn7p functions in a eukaryotic two-component regulatory pathway.
    EMBO J. 1994 Nov 1;13(21):5186-94 PMID: 7957083
  25. Identification of ASK10 as a multicopy activator of Skn7p-dependent transcription of a HIS3 reporter gene.
    Yeast. 1996 Mar 15;12(3):267-72 PMID: 8904339
  26. Activation of yeast protein kinase C by Rho1 GTPase.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9193-6 PMID: 8621575
  27. Overexpression of MID2 suppresses the profilin-deficient phenotype of yeast cells.
    Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jul;29(2):515-26 PMID: 9720869
  28. The Rho-GEF Rom2p localizes to sites of polarized cell growth and participates in cytoskeletal functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Mol Biol Cell. 1997 Oct;8(10):1829-44 PMID: 9348527
  29. Dissecting the protein kinase C/MAP kinase signalling pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Cell Mol Biol Res. 1994;40(3):229-39 PMID: 7874200
  30. Dominant mutations in a gene encoding a putative protein kinase (BCK1) bypass the requirement for a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase C homolog.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jan;12(1):172-82 PMID: 1729597
  31. The MID2 gene encodes a putative integral membrane protein with a Ca(2+)-binding domain and shows mating pheromone-stimulated expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Gene. 1994 Dec 30;151(1-2):203-8 PMID: 7828875
  32. A family of genes required for maintenance of cell wall integrity and for the stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13804-9 PMID: 9391108
  33. Mutants in the S. cerevisiae PKC1 gene display a cell cycle-specific osmotic stability defect.
    J Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;116(5):1221-9 PMID: 1740473
  34. The S. cerevisiae structural gene for chitin synthase is not required for chitin synthesis in vivo.
    Cell. 1986 Jul 18;46(2):213-25 PMID: 2941152
  35. The SLT2(MPK1) MAP kinase is activated during periods of polarized cell growth in yeast.
    EMBO J. 1996 Jan 2;15(1):83-91 PMID: 8598209
  36. Cell wall integrity modulates RHO1 activity via the exchange factor ROM2.
    EMBO J. 1998 Apr 15;17(8):2235-45 PMID: 9545237
  37. The SMS1 gene encoding a serine-rich transmembrane protein suppresses the temperature sensitivity of the htr1 disruptant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Jan 2;1260(1):94-6 PMID: 7999801
  38. Nikkomycin Z supersensitivity of an echinocandin-resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jan;39(1):200-7 PMID: 7695307
  39. Calcofluor white alters the assembly of chitin fibrils in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cells.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1983 May;129(5):1577-82 PMID: 6352860
  40. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression and subcellular localization in budding yeast.
    Yeast. 1996 Jun 30;12(8):773-86 PMID: 8813764
  41. Protein O-glycosylation in yeast. The PMT2 gene specifies a second protein O-mannosyltransferase that functions in addition to the PMT1-encoded activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 10;270(6):2770-5 PMID: 7852348
  42. MKK1 and MKK2, which encode Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase homologs, function in the pathway mediated by protein kinase C.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1993 May;13(5):3076-83 PMID: 8386320
  43. A role for the Pkc1 MAP kinase pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bud emergence and identification of a putative upstream regulator.
    EMBO J. 1997 Aug 15;16(16):4924-37 PMID: 9305635
  44. Coordination of the mating and cell integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Nov;17(11):6517-25 PMID: 9343415
  45. Why are proteins O-glycosylated?
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1990 Aug;15(8):291-4 PMID: 2204153
  46. Coordinated regulation of gene expression by the cell cycle transcription factor Swi4 and the protein kinase C MAP kinase pathway for yeast cell integrity.
    EMBO J. 1996 Sep 16;15(18):5001-13 PMID: 8890173
  47. Signalling in the yeasts: an informational cascade with links to the filamentous fungi.
    Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Jun;62(2):249-74 PMID: 9618441
  48. Localized deposition of chitin on the yeast cell surface in response to mating pheromone.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Feb;76(2):645-9 PMID: 16592617
Article Info
Journal
Journal of bacteriology
Abbr.
J Bacteriol
ISSN
0021-9193
DOI
10.1128/JB.181.11.3330-3340.1999
Published
1999-06-00
Pages
3330-40
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
2985120R
PMCID
PMC93798
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/JB.181.11.3330-3340.1999 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2