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PMID: 34799443 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Raf-like kinases and receptor-like (pseudo)kinase GHR1 are required for stomatal vapor pressure difference response.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ·Vol. 118 ·No. 47 ·2021-00-23

Hsu PK, Takahashi Y, Merilo E, Costa A, Zhang L, Kernig K, Lee KH, Schroeder JI

Abstract

Stomatal pores close rapidly in response to low-air-humidity-induced leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (VPD) increases, thereby reducing excessive water loss. The hydroactive signal-transduction mechanisms mediating high VPD-induced stomatal closure remain largely unknown. The kinetics of stomatal high-VPD responses were investigated by using time-resolved gas-exchange analyses of higher-order mutants in guard-cell signal-transduction branches. We show that the slow-type anion channel SLAC1 plays a relatively more substantial role than the rapid-type anion channel ALMT12/QUAC1 in stomatal VPD signaling. VPD-induced stomatal closure is not affected in mpk12/mpk4GC double mutants that completely disrupt stomatal CO2 signaling, indicating that VPD signaling is independent of the early CO2 signal-transduction pathway. Calcium imaging shows that osmotic stress causes cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients in guard cells. Nevertheless, osca1-2/1.3/2.2/2.3/3.1 Ca2+-permeable channel quintuple, osca1.3/1.7-channel double, cngc5/6-channel double, cngc20-channel single, cngc19/20crispr-channel double, glr3.2/3.3-channel double, cpk-kinase quintuple, cbl1/4/5/8/9 quintuple, and cbl2/3rf double mutants showed wild-type-like stomatal VPD responses. A B3-family Raf-like mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase kinase kinase, M3Kδ5/RAF6, activates the OST1/SnRK2.6 kinase in plant cells. Interestingly, B3 Raf-kinase m3kδ5 and m3kδ1/δ5/δ6/δ7 (raf3/6/5/4) quadruple mutants, but not a 14-gene raf-kinase mutant including osmotic stress-linked B4-family Raf-kinases, exhibited slowed high-VPD responses, suggesting that B3-family Raf-kinases play an important role in stomatal VPD signaling. Moreover, high VPD-induced stomatal closure was impaired in receptor-like pseudokinase GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 (GHR1) mutant alleles. Notably, the classical transient "wrong-way" VPD response was absent in ghr1 mutant alleles. These findings reveal genes and signaling mechanisms in the elusive high VPD-induced stomatal closing response pathway.

Keywords
GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinases abscisic acid relative air humidity vapor pressure deficit
MeSH Terms
Arabidopsis/genetics,metabolism Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics,metabolism Calcium Carbon Dioxide/metabolism Humidity Membrane Proteins/metabolism Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism Plant Leaves/metabolism Plant Stomata/metabolism Protein Kinases/genetics,metabolism Signal Transduction/physiology Vapor Pressure
Chemicals
Arabidopsis Proteins Membrane Proteins SLAC1 protein, Arabidopsis Carbon Dioxide Protein Kinases GHR1 protein, Arabidopsis MPK12 protein, Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Calcium
Authors & Affiliations
8 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Hsu Po-Kai
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Takahashi Yohei
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Merilo Ebe
Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
Costa Alex ORCID
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. | Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy. | Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy.
Zhang Li
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Kernig Klara
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Lee Katie H
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Schroeder Julian I
Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; jischroeder@ucsd.edu.
Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interest.

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Article Info
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Abbr.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
ISSN
1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.2107280118
Email
jischroeder@ucsd.edu
Published
2021-00-23
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7505876
PMCID
PMC8617523
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM060396 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107280118 PMC Full Text View journal details
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