Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 34440280 Published · epublish English Journal Article Review

Plants' Epigenetic Mechanisms and Abiotic Stress.

Genes ·Vol. 12 ·No. 8 ·2021-00-21

Miryeganeh M

Abstract

Plants are sessile organisms that need to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Unpredictable climate change places plants under a variety of abiotic stresses. Studying the regulation of stress-responsive genes can help to understand plants' ability to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions. Changes in epigenetic marks such as histone modifications and DNA methylation are known to regulate gene expression by their dynamic variation in response to stimuli. This can then affect their phenotypic plasticity, which helps with the adaptation of plants to adverse conditions. Epigenetic marks may also provide a mechanistic basis for stress memory, which enables plants to respond more effectively and efficiently to recurring stress and prepare offspring for potential future stresses. Studying epigenetic changes in addition to genetic factors is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant stress responses. This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms behind plant responses to some main abiotic stresses.

Keywords
DNA methylation abiotic stress drought stress heat stress histone modification plant epigenetics salinity stress stress memory
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Miryeganeh Matin ORCID
Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan.
References (121)
121 references, click to expand
  1. Up-regulation of stress-inducible genes in tobacco and Arabidopsis cells in response to abiotic stresses and ABA treatment correlates with dynamic changes in histone H3 and H4 modifications.
    Planta. 2007 Dec;227(1):245-54 PMID: 17721787
  2. Epigenetic switch from repressive to permissive chromatin in response to cold stress.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jun 5;115(23):E5400-E5409 PMID: 29784800
  3. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein family in cucumber (Cucumis sativus).
    Genes Genomics. 2018 Jun;40(6):579-589 PMID: 29892943
  4. An siRNA pathway prevents transgenerational retrotransposition in plants subjected to stress.
    Nature. 2011 Apr 7;472(7341):115-9 PMID: 21399627
  5. Stress induced gene expression drives transient DNA methylation changes at adjacent repetitive elements.
    Elife. 2015 Jul 21;4: PMID: 26196146
  6. The WD40 Domain Protein MSI1 Functions in a Histone Deacetylase Complex to Fine-Tune Abscisic Acid Signaling.
    Plant Cell. 2016 Jan;28(1):42-54 PMID: 26704384
  7. Rice fertilization-Independent Endosperm1 regulates seed size under heat stress by controlling early endosperm development.
    Plant Physiol. 2014 May;165(1):238-48 PMID: 24590858
  8. The Arabidopsis STRESS RESPONSE SUPPRESSOR DEAD-box RNA helicases are nucleolar- and chromocenter-localized proteins that undergo stress-mediated relocalization and are involved in epigenetic gene silencing.
    Plant J. 2014 Jul;79(1):28-43 PMID: 24724701
  9. Characterization and subcellular localization of histone deacetylases and their roles in response to abiotic stresses in soybean.
    BMC Plant Biol. 2018 Oct 11;18(1):226 PMID: 30305032
  10. The Chromatin Remodelers PKL and PIE1 Act in an Epigenetic Pathway That Determines H3K27me3 Homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell. 2018 Jun;30(6):1337-1352 PMID: 29802212
  11. Cold stress selectively unsilences tandem repeats in heterochromatin associated with accumulation of H3K9ac.
    Plant Cell Environ. 2012 Dec;35(12):2130-42 PMID: 22616903
  12. The m6A Reader ECT2 Controls Trichome Morphology by Affecting mRNA Stability in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell. 2018 May;30(5):968-985 PMID: 29716990
  13. Transgenerational epimutations induced by multi-generation drought imposition mediate rice plant's adaptation to drought condition.
    Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 04;7:39843 PMID: 28051176
  14. Keeping the gate closed: functions of the polycomb repressive complex PRC2 in development.
    Plant J. 2015 Jul;83(1):121-32 PMID: 25762111
  15. Epitranscriptomic RNA Methylation in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Responses.
    Front Plant Sci. 2019 Apr 17;10:500 PMID: 31110512
  16. Transgenerational effects of stress exposure on offspring phenotypes in apomictic dandelion.
    PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38605 PMID: 22723869
  17. Histone occupancy-dependent and -independent removal of H3K27 trimethylation at cold-responsive genes in Arabidopsis.
    Plant J. 2009 Oct;60(1):112-21 PMID: 19500304
  18. Assessment of changes in DNA methylation by methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism in Jatropha curcas L. subjected to salinity stress.
    Gene. 2012 Oct 15;508(1):125-9 PMID: 22967874
  19. SKB1/PRMT5-mediated histone H4R3 dimethylation of Ib subgroup bHLH genes negatively regulates iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2014 Jan;77(2):209-21 PMID: 24298997
  20. Dissecting salt stress pathways.
    J Exp Bot. 2006;57(5):1097-107 PMID: 16510518
  21. High nitrogen insensitive 9 (HNI9)-mediated systemic repression of root NO3- uptake is associated with changes in histone methylation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 9;108(32):13329-34 PMID: 21788519
  22. Plasticity of DNA methylation and gene expression under zinc deficiency in Arabidopsis roots.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2018 Sep 1;59(9):1790-1802 PMID: 29800330
  23. Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants.
    Cell. 2016 Oct 6;167(2):313-324 PMID: 27716505
  24. ALFIN-LIKE 6 is involved in root hair elongation during phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis.
    New Phytol. 2013 May;198(3):709-720 PMID: 23432399
  25. The Polycomb protein LHP1 regulates Arabidopsis thaliana stress responses through the repression of the MYC2-dependent branch of immunity.
    Plant J. 2019 Dec;100(6):1118-1131 PMID: 31437321
  26. Hyperosmotic priming of Arabidopsis seedlings establishes a long-term somatic memory accompanied by specific changes of the epigenome.
    Genome Biol. 2013 Jun 14;14(6):R59 PMID: 23767915
  27. Changes in DNA methylation fingerprint of Quercus ilex trees in response to experimental field drought simulating projected climate change.
    Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2014 Mar;16(2):419-27 PMID: 23889779
  28. Molecular signals of epigenetic states.
    Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):612-6 PMID: 21030644
  29. Transgenerational inheritance and resetting of stress-induced loss of epigenetic gene silencing in Arabidopsis.
    Mol Plant. 2010 May;3(3):594-602 PMID: 20410255
  30. Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance.
    J Exp Bot. 2007;58(2):221-7 PMID: 17075077
  31. Chromatin-based mechanisms of temperature memory in plants.
    Plant Cell Environ. 2019 Mar;42(3):762-770 PMID: 29920687
  32. GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSED PROTEIN5-Mediated Histone Acetylation of FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE3 Contributes to Iron Homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Physiol. 2015 Aug;168(4):1309-20 PMID: 26002909
  33. Dynamics and function of DNA methylation in plants.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Aug;19(8):489-506 PMID: 29784956
  34. N(6)-Methyladenosine RNA Modification Regulates Shoot Stem Cell Fate in Arabidopsis.
    Dev Cell. 2016 Jul 25;38(2):186-200 PMID: 27396363
  35. High-temperature effect on genes engaged in DNA methylation and affected by DNA methylation in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Physiol Biochem. 2015 Feb;87:102-8 PMID: 25576840
  36. HDT701, a histone H4 deacetylase, negatively regulates plant innate immunity by modulating histone H4 acetylation of defense-related genes in rice.
    Plant Cell. 2012 Sep;24(9):3783-94 PMID: 22968716
  37. Heat-induced release of epigenetic silencing reveals the concealed role of an imprinted plant gene.
    PLoS Genet. 2014 Nov 20;10(11):e1004806 PMID: 25411840
  38. 5-Methylcytosine RNA Methylation in Arabidopsis Thaliana.
    Mol Plant. 2017 Nov 6;10(11):1387-1399 PMID: 28965832
  39. Distinct phases of Polycomb silencing to hold epigenetic memory of cold in Arabidopsis.
    Science. 2017 Sep 15;357(6356):1142-1145 PMID: 28818969
  40. The YTH Domain Protein ECT2 Is an m6A Reader Required for Normal Trichome Branching in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell. 2018 May;30(5):986-1005 PMID: 29618631
  41. Next-generation systemic acquired resistance.
    Plant Physiol. 2012 Feb;158(2):844-53 PMID: 22147520
  42. Divergent DNA methylation patterns associated with abiotic stress in Hevea brasiliensis.
    Mol Plant. 2011 Nov;4(6):996-1013 PMID: 21705581
  43. Salt-induced transcription factor MYB74 is regulated by the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway in Arabidopsis.
    J Exp Bot. 2015 Sep;66(19):5997-6008 PMID: 26139822
  44. Control of early seedling development by BES1/TPL/HDA19-mediated epigenetic regulation of ABI3.
    Nat Commun. 2014 Jun 18;5:4138 PMID: 24938150
  45. Genome-wide characterization of new and drought stress responsive microRNAs in Populus euphratica.
    J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3765-79 PMID: 21511902
  46. ABA signaling is necessary but not sufficient for RD29B transcriptional memory during successive dehydration stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2014 Jul;79(1):150-61 PMID: 24805058
  47. Arabidopsis inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase, AtIPK1, is required for growth and modulates phosphate homeostasis at the transcriptional level.
    Plant J. 2014 Nov;80(3):503-15 PMID: 25155524
  48. Stable methylation of a non-coding RNA gene regulates gene expression in response to abiotic stress in Populus simonii.
    J Exp Bot. 2016 Mar;67(5):1477-92 PMID: 26712827
  49. N6-Methyladenosine Inhibits Local Ribonucleolytic Cleavage to Stabilize mRNAs in Arabidopsis.
    Cell Rep. 2018 Oct 30;25(5):1146-1157.e3 PMID: 30380407
  50. Natural CMT2 variation is associated with genome-wide methylation changes and temperature seasonality.
    PLoS Genet. 2014 Dec 11;10(12):e1004842 PMID: 25503602
  51. Root uptake regulation: a central process for NPS homeostasis in plants.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2009 Jun;12(3):328-38 PMID: 19501015
  52. Transcriptional Regulatory Network of Plant Heat Stress Response.
    Trends Plant Sci. 2017 Jan;22(1):53-65 PMID: 27666516
  53. Genetic and epigenetic control of plant heat responses.
    Front Plant Sci. 2015 Apr 24;6:267 PMID: 25964789
  54. RNA methylation in nuclear pre-mRNA processing.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2018 Nov;9(6):e1489 PMID: 29921017
  55. Different gene-specific mechanisms determine the 'revised-response' memory transcription patterns of a subset of A. thaliana dehydration stress responding genes.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 May;42(9):5556-66 PMID: 24744238
  56. ROS1-Dependent DNA Demethylation Is Required for ABA-Inducible NIC3 Expression.
    Plant Physiol. 2019 Apr;179(4):1810-1821 PMID: 30692220
  57. 22-Nucleotide RNAs trigger secondary siRNA biogenesis in plants.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 24;107(34):15269-74 PMID: 20643946
  58. An m6A-YTH Module Controls Developmental Timing and Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell. 2018 May;30(5):952-967 PMID: 29643069
  59. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses.
    Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20): PMID: 33050358
  60. The histone deacetylase HDA19 controls root cell elongation and modulates a subset of phosphate starvation responses in Arabidopsis.
    Sci Rep. 2015 Oct 28;5:15708 PMID: 26508133
  61. A hit-and-run heat shock factor governs sustained histone methylation and transcriptional stress memory.
    EMBO J. 2016 Jan 18;35(2):162-75 PMID: 26657708
  62. The epigenetic machinery controlling transgenerational systemic acquired resistance.
    Plant Signal Behav. 2012 Jun;7(6):615-8 PMID: 22580690
  63. Epigenetic regulation in plant abiotic stress responses.
    J Integr Plant Biol. 2020 May;62(5):563-580 PMID: 31872527
  64. Functions of two Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd. YTPs (MhYTP1 and MhYTP2) in biotic- and abiotic-stress responses.
    Plant Sci. 2017 Aug;261:18-27 PMID: 28554690
  65. Transposable elements contribute to activation of maize genes in response to abiotic stress.
    PLoS Genet. 2015 Jan 08;11(1):e1004915 PMID: 25569788
  66. MhYTP1 and MhYTP2 from Apple Confer Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Front Plant Sci. 2017 Aug 04;8:1367 PMID: 28824695
  67. Histone dynamics and roles of histone acetyltransferases during cold-induced gene regulation in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Mol Biol. 2010 Sep;74(1-2):183-200 PMID: 20661629
  68. Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptional co-activators ADA2b and SGF29a are implicated in salt stress responses.
    Planta. 2011 Apr;233(4):749-62 PMID: 21193996
  69. Methylome analysis reveals an important role for epigenetic changes in the regulation of the Arabidopsis response to phosphate starvation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Dec 29;112(52):E7293-302 PMID: 26668375
  70. Alterations of lysine modifications on the histone H3 N-tail under drought stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2008 Oct;49(10):1580-8 PMID: 18779215
  71. The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling gene AtCHR12 mediates temporary growth arrest in Arabidopsis thaliana upon perceiving environmental stress.
    Plant J. 2007 Sep;51(5):874-85 PMID: 17605754
  72. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of heat-responsive and novel microRNAs in Populus tomentosa.
    Gene. 2012 Aug 10;504(2):160-5 PMID: 22634103
  73. Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 is essential for heat stress-responsive gene activation and thermotolerance in Arabidopsis.
    Plant J. 2015 Dec;84(6):1178-91 PMID: 26576681
  74. Transgenerational memory of gene expression changes induced by heavy metal stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
    BMC Plant Biol. 2019 Jun 27;19(1):282 PMID: 31248374
  75. DNA demethylase ROS1 negatively regulates the imprinting of DOGL4 and seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Oct 16;115(42):E9962-E9970 PMID: 30266793
  76. Genome-wide quantitative identification of DNA differentially methylated sites in Arabidopsis seedlings growing at different water potential.
    PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59878 PMID: 23577076
  77. Karrikins enhance light responses during germination and seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 13;107(15):7095-100 PMID: 20351290
  78. Epigenetic responses to drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
    Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2013 Jul;19(3):379-87 PMID: 24431506
  79. Deciphering UV-B-induced variation in DNA methylation pattern and its influence on regulation of DBR2 expression in Artemisia annua L.
    Planta. 2015 Oct;242(4):869-79 PMID: 25998525
  80. Chromatin changes in response to drought, salinity, heat, and cold stresses in plants.
    Front Plant Sci. 2015 Mar 02;6:114 PMID: 25784920
  81. The RdDM pathway is required for basal heat tolerance in Arabidopsis.
    Mol Plant. 2013 Mar;6(2):396-410 PMID: 23376771
  82. Epigenetic and chromatin-based mechanisms in environmental stress adaptation and stress memory in plants.
    Genome Biol. 2017 Jun 27;18(1):124 PMID: 28655328
  83. Chilling-Mediated DNA Methylation Changes during Dormancy and Its Release Reveal the Importance of Epigenetic Regulation during Winter Dormancy in Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.).
    PLoS One. 2016 Feb 22;11(2):e0149934 PMID: 26901339
  84. A Role for PICKLE in the Regulation of Cold and Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis.
    Front Plant Sci. 2019 Jul 09;10:900 PMID: 31354770
  85. Single-base-resolution methylomes of Populus trichocarpa reveal the association between DNA methylation and drought stress.
    BMC Genet. 2014;15 Suppl 1:S9 PMID: 25080211
  86. Physiological, Biochemical, Epigenetic and Molecular Analyses of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Genotypes with Contrasting Salt Tolerance.
    Front Plant Sci. 2017 Jun 30;8:1151 PMID: 28713411
  87. ALKBH10B Is an RNA N6-Methyladenosine Demethylase Affecting Arabidopsis Floral Transition.
    Plant Cell. 2017 Dec;29(12):2995-3011 PMID: 29180595
  88. Salt Tolerant and Sensitive Rice Varieties Display Differential Methylome Flexibility under Salt Stress.
    PLoS One. 2015 May 01;10(5):e0124060 PMID: 25932633
  89. Transition of chromatin status during the process of recovery from drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2012 May;53(5):847-56 PMID: 22505693
  90. How Stress Facilitates Phenotypic Innovation Through Epigenetic Diversity.
    Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jan 15;11:606800 PMID: 33519857
  91. Changes in the epigenome and transcriptome of the poplar shoot apical meristem in response to water availability affect preferentially hormone pathways.
    J Exp Bot. 2018 Jan 23;69(3):537-551 PMID: 29211860
  92. The birth of the Epitranscriptome: deciphering the function of RNA modifications.
    Genome Biol. 2012 Oct 31;13(10):175 PMID: 23113984
  93. The Arabidopsis trithorax-like factor ATX1 functions in dehydration stress responses via ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways.
    Plant J. 2011 Jun;66(5):735-44 PMID: 21309869
  94. Drought-induced site-specific DNA methylation and its association with drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
    J Exp Bot. 2011 Mar;62(6):1951-60 PMID: 21193578
  95. DNA methylation changes detected by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism in two contrasting rice genotypes under salt stress.
    J Genet Genomics. 2011 Sep 20;38(9):419-24 PMID: 21930101
  96. Functional analysis of an Arabidopsis transcription factor, DREB2A, involved in drought-responsive gene expression.
    Plant Cell. 2006 May;18(5):1292-309 PMID: 16617101
  97. The dynamic changes of DNA methylation and histone modifications of salt responsive transcription factor genes in soybean.
    PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41274 PMID: 22815985
  98. Transcriptome-Wide Mapping of RNA 5-Methylcytosine in Arabidopsis mRNAs and Noncoding RNAs.
    Plant Cell. 2017 Mar;29(3):445-460 PMID: 28062751
  99. The chemistries and consequences of DNA and RNA methylation and demethylation.
    RNA Biol. 2017 Sep 2;14(9):1099-1107 PMID: 28440690
  100. N6 -Methyladenosine mRNA methylation is important for salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
    Plant J. 2021 Jun;106(6):1759-1775 PMID: 33843075
  101. Chromatin modifications and remodeling in plant abiotic stress responses.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Feb;1819(2):129-36 PMID: 21708299
  102. An epigenetic integrator: new insights into genome regulation, environmental stress responses and developmental controls by histone deacetylase 6.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2012 May;53(5):794-800 PMID: 22253092
  103. Nuclear Localised MORE SULPHUR ACCUMULATION1 Epigenetically Regulates Sulphur Homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    PLoS Genet. 2016 Sep 13;12(9):e1006298 PMID: 27622452
  104. AtHKT1 is a salt tolerance determinant that controls Na(+) entry into plant roots.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):14150-5 PMID: 11698666
  105. A transposable element in a NAC gene is associated with drought tolerance in maize seedlings.
    Nat Commun. 2015 Sep 21;6:8326 PMID: 26387805
  106. Salt-Induced Tissue-Specific Cytosine Methylation Downregulates Expression of HKT Genes in Contrasting Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes.
    DNA Cell Biol. 2017 Apr;36(4):283-294 PMID: 28384069
  107. Histone acetylation influences the transcriptional activation of POX in Beta vulgaris L. and Beta maritima L. under salt stress.
    Plant Physiol Biochem. 2016 Mar;100:37-46 PMID: 26773543
  108. Regulated AtHKT1 gene expression by a distal enhancer element and DNA methylation in the promoter plays an important role in salt tolerance.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2011 Jan;52(1):149-61 PMID: 21097475
  109. Chromatin-Based Epigenetic Regulation of Plant Abiotic Stress Response.
    Curr Genomics. 2016 Dec;17(6):490-498 PMID: 28217005
  110. Detection of somatic epigenetic variation in Norway spruce via targeted bisulfite sequencing.
    Ecol Evol. 2018 Sep 05;8(19):9672-9682 PMID: 30386566
  111. Involvement of Arabidopsis histone deacetylase HDA6 in ABA and salt stress response.
    J Exp Bot. 2010 Jul;61(12):3345-53 PMID: 20519338
  112. Experiencing winter for spring flowering: A molecular epigenetic perspective on vernalization.
    J Integr Plant Biol. 2020 Jan;62(1):104-117 PMID: 31829495
  113. Heat-induced ribosome pausing triggers mRNA co-translational decay in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Apr 30;43(8):4121-32 PMID: 25845591
  114. Stress-induced DNA methylation changes and their heritability in asexual dandelions.
    New Phytol. 2010 Mar;185(4):1108-18 PMID: 20003072
  115. Single-base methylome analysis reveals dynamic epigenomic differences associated with water deficit in apple.
    Plant Biotechnol J. 2018 Feb;16(2):672-687 PMID: 28796917
  116. Transgeneration memory of stress in plants.
    Nature. 2006 Aug 31;442(7106):1046-9 PMID: 16892047
  117. N(6)-methyladenosine-dependent RNA structural switches regulate RNA-protein interactions.
    Nature. 2015 Feb 26;518(7540):560-4 PMID: 25719671
  118. Arabidopsis EDM2 promotes IBM1 distal polyadenylation and regulates genome DNA methylation patterns.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 7;111(1):527-32 PMID: 24248388
  119. Novel AlkB dioxygenases--alternative models for in silico and in vivo studies.
    PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30588 PMID: 22291995
  120. Abscisic acid-dependent histone demethylation during postgermination growth arrest in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell Environ. 2019 Jul;42(7):2198-2214 PMID: 30859592
  121. Rethinking m6A Readers, Writers, and Erasers.
    Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2017 Oct 6;33:319-342 PMID: 28759256
Article Info
Journal
Genes
Abbr.
Genes (Basel)
ISSN
2073-4425
DOI
10.3390/genes12081106
Published
2021-00-21
Epub
2021-00-21
Language
English
Region
Switzerland
NLM ID
101551097
PMCID
PMC8394019
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.3390/genes12081106 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2