Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 24074574 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review

Non-encapsidation activities of the capsid proteins of positive-strand RNA viruses.

Virology ·Vol. 446 ·No. 1-2 ·2013-11-00 ·Pages 123-32

Ni P, Cheng Kao C

Abstract

Viral capsid proteins (CPs) are characterized by their role in forming protective shells around viral genomes. However, CPs have additional and important roles in the virus infection cycles and in the cellular responses to infection. These activities involve CP binding to RNAs in both sequence-specific and nonspecific manners as well as association with other proteins. This review focuses on CPs of both plant and animal-infecting viruses with positive-strand RNA genomes. We summarize the structural features of CPs and describe their modulatory roles in viral translation, RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, and host defense responses.

Keywords
Capsid protein Positive-strand RNA virus Protein–RNA interaction Protein–protein interaction Regulation of viral infection Review
MeSH Terms
Animals Capsid Proteins/metabolism Host-Pathogen Interactions Plants Protein Binding RNA Viruses/physiology
Chemicals
Capsid Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Ni Peng
Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
Cheng Kao C
References (164)
164 references, click to expand
  1. A functional equivalence of top component a RNA and coat protein in the initiation of infection by alfalfa mosaic virus.
    Virology. 1971 Oct;46(1):73-85 PMID: 5124242
  2. Structure of the SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein RNA-binding dimerization domain suggests a mechanism for helical packaging of viral RNA.
    J Mol Biol. 2007 May 11;368(4):1075-86 PMID: 17379242
  3. Structure of the N-terminal RNA-binding domain of the SARS CoV nucleocapsid protein.
    Biochemistry. 2004 May 25;43(20):6059-63 PMID: 15147189
  4. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing.
    Trends Plant Sci. 2011 May;16(5):265-72 PMID: 21439890
  5. Modulation of signaling pathways by RNA virus capsid proteins.
    Cell Signal. 2008 Jul;20(7):1227-36 PMID: 18258415
  6. X-ray crystal structure of the rotavirus inner capsid particle at 3.8 A resolution.
    J Mol Biol. 2010 Mar 26;397(2):587-99 PMID: 20122940
  7. The Rubella virus capsid is an anti-apoptotic protein that attenuates the pore-forming ability of Bax.
    PLoS Pathog. 2011 Feb;7(2):e1001291 PMID: 21379337
  8. The hepatitis C virus core protein contains a BH3 domain that regulates apoptosis through specific interaction with human Mcl-1.
    J Virol. 2009 Oct;83(19):9993-10006 PMID: 19605477
  9. The roles of the red clover necrotic mosaic virus capsid and cell-to-cell movement proteins in systemic infection.
    Virology. 1993 Jan;192(1):27-32 PMID: 8517020
  10. Nuclear localization of dengue virus capsid protein is required for DAXX interaction and apoptosis.
    Virus Res. 2010 Feb;147(2):275-83 PMID: 19944121
  11. Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with p53-binding protein, 53BP2/Bbp/ASPP2, and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):788-95 PMID: 14985081
  12. Cofolding organizes alfalfa mosaic virus RNA and coat protein for replication.
    Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2108-11 PMID: 15604410
  13. Evidence that vector transmission of a plant virus requires conformational change in virus particles.
    J Mol Biol. 2004 Apr 30;338(3):507-17 PMID: 15081809
  14. Amino acids 1-20 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein specifically inhibit HCV IRES-dependent translation in HepG2 cells, and inhibit both HCV IRES- and cap-dependent translation in HuH7 and CV-1 cells.
    J Gen Virol. 2003 Apr;84(Pt 4):815-825 PMID: 12655082
  15. Capsid protein of eastern equine encephalitis virus inhibits host cell gene expression.
    J Virol. 2007 Apr;81(8):3866-76 PMID: 17267491
  16. Mutations within the nuclear localization signal of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein attenuate virus replication.
    Virology. 2006 Mar 1;346(1):238-50 PMID: 16330065
  17. Ribonucleoprotein complexes of R17 coat protein and a translational operator analog.
    J Mol Biol. 1988 Dec 20;204(4):927-38 PMID: 3221400
  18. Functional replacement of a domain in the rubella virus p150 replicase protein by the virus capsid protein.
    J Virol. 2009 Apr;83(8):3549-55 PMID: 19176617
  19. Structure of Sindbis virus core protein reveals a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase and the organization of the virion.
    Nature. 1991 Nov 7;354(6348):37-43 PMID: 1944569
  20. Induction of particle polymorphism by cucumber necrosis virus coat protein mutants in vivo.
    J Virol. 2008 Feb;82(3):1547-57 PMID: 18032493
  21. HRT-mediated hypersensitive response and resistance to Turnip crinkle virus in Arabidopsis does not require the function of TIP, the presumed guardee protein.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Oct;21(10):1316-24 PMID: 18785827
  22. Hepatitis C virus controls interferon production through PKR activation.
    PLoS One. 2010 May 11;5(5):e10575 PMID: 20485506
  23. Cytoplasmic viral replication complexes.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Jul 22;8(1):77-85 PMID: 20638644
  24. A mutant viral RNA promoter with an altered conformation retains efficient recognition by a viral RNA replicase through a solution-exposed adenine.
    RNA. 2001 Oct;7(10):1476-85 PMID: 11680852
  25. The coronavirus nucleocapsid protein is dynamically associated with the replication-transcription complexes.
    J Virol. 2010 Nov;84(21):11575-9 PMID: 20739524
  26. Crystal structure of an RNA bacteriophage coat protein-operator complex.
    Nature. 1994 Oct 13;371(6498):623-6 PMID: 7523953
  27. Semliki Forest virus capsid protein inhibits the initiation of translation by upregulating the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR).
    Biosci Rep. 1996 Dec;16(6):485-511 PMID: 9062700
  28. A conformational switch at the 3' end of a plant virus RNA regulates viral replication.
    EMBO J. 1999 Sep 1;18(17):4856-64 PMID: 10469663
  29. HRT gene function requires interaction between a NAC protein and viral capsid protein to confer resistance to turnip crinkle virus.
    Plant Cell. 2000 Oct;12(10):1917-26 PMID: 11041886
  30. The C-terminal region of hepatitis C core protein is required for Fas-ligand independent apoptosis in Jurkat cells by facilitating Fas oligomerization.
    Virology. 2003 Aug 1;312(2):320-9 PMID: 12919737
  31. Characterization of cucumber mosaic virus. V. Cell-to-cell movement requires capsid protein but not virions.
    Virology. 1998 Jul 5;246(2):221-31 PMID: 9657941
  32. Deletions in the conserved amino-terminal basic arm of cucumber mosaic virus coat protein disrupt virion assembly but do not abolish infectivity and cell-to-cell movement.
    Virology. 1998 Sep 1;248(2):323-31 PMID: 9721241
  33. A functional nuclear localization sequence in the VP1 capsid protein of coxsackievirus B3.
    Virology. 2012 Nov 25;433(2):513-21 PMID: 23010168
  34. VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus induces apoptosis via the Akt signaling pathway.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 10;279(50):52168-74 PMID: 15466859
  35. Coupling between replication and packaging of flavivirus RNA: evidence derived from the use of DNA-based full-length cDNA clones of Kunjin virus.
    J Virol. 2001 May;75(10):4633-40 PMID: 11312333
  36. Selective replication of coronavirus genomes that express nucleocapsid protein.
    J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(11):6620-30 PMID: 15890900
  37. In vitro replication of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59.
    J Virol. 1987 Jun;61(6):1814-20 PMID: 3033313
  38. Specific RNA binding by amino-terminal peptides of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein.
    EMBO J. 1994 Feb 1;13(3):727-35 PMID: 8313916
  39. Capsid protein synthesis from replicating RNA directs specific packaging of the genome of a multipartite, positive-strand RNA virus.
    J Virol. 2005 May;79(10):6239-48 PMID: 15858008
  40. Genetics of plant virus resistance.
    Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43:581-621 PMID: 16078896
  41. Hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation is stimulated by cis-acting RNA elements and trans-acting viral factors.
    FEBS J. 2008 Aug;275(16):4179-97 PMID: 18637118
  42. Analysis of rubella virus capsid protein-mediated enhancement of replicon replication and mutant rescue.
    J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(8):3966-74 PMID: 16571813
  43. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses.
    Nature. 1985 Sep 12-18;317(6033):145-53 PMID: 2993920
  44. SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon.
    Curr Opin Virol. 2012 Jun;2(3):264-75 PMID: 22572391
  45. Interactions between coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and viral RNAs: implications for viral transcription.
    J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4280-7 PMID: 2845140
  46. The nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus inhibits the activity of cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase complex and blocks S phase progression in mammalian cells.
    J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):10669-81 PMID: 16431923
  47. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of murine norovirus 1 and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus reveal marked flexibility in the receptor binding domains.
    J Virol. 2010 Jun;84(11):5836-41 PMID: 20335264
  48. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death.
    Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Jun;35(4):495-516 PMID: 17562483
  49. Down-regulation of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation of the hepatitis C virus: critical role of binding of the stem-loop IIId domain of IRES and the viral core protein.
    Virology. 2006 Feb 20;345(2):434-45 PMID: 16297950
  50. The multifunctional capsid proteins of plant RNA viruses.
    Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2001;39:419-60 PMID: 11701872
  51. Functional coupling between replication and packaging of poliovirus replicon RNA.
    J Virol. 1999 Jan;73(1):427-35 PMID: 9847348
  52. Nucleotide sequence at the binding site for coat protein on RNA of bacteriophage R17.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Oct;69(10):3033-7 PMID: 4507620
  53. Viral tricks to grid-lock the type I interferon system.
    Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010 Aug;13(4):508-16 PMID: 20538505
  54. X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid.
    Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):287-90 PMID: 10514371
  55. Icosahedral RNA virus structure.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 1989;58:533-73 PMID: 2673017
  56. RNA sequence and secondary structural determinants in a minimal viral promoter that directs replicase recognition and initiation of genomic plus-strand RNA synthesis.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Dec 3;294(3):667-82 PMID: 10610788
  57. SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein antagonizes IFN-β response by targeting initial step of IFN-β induction pathway, and its C-terminal region is critical for the antagonism.
    Virus Genes. 2011 Feb;42(1):37-45 PMID: 20976535
  58. Multiple nucleic acid binding sites and intrinsic disorder of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein: implications for ribonucleocapsid protein packaging.
    J Virol. 2009 Mar;83(5):2255-64 PMID: 19052082
  59. The coat protein of turnip crinkle virus suppresses posttranscriptional gene silencing at an early initiation step.
    J Virol. 2003 Jan;77(1):511-22 PMID: 12477856
  60. Packaging of brome mosaic virus subgenomic RNA is functionally coupled to replication-dependent transcription and translation of coat protein.
    J Virol. 2006 Oct;80(20):10096-108 PMID: 17005687
  61. Nuclear localization of Japanese encephalitis virus core protein enhances viral replication.
    J Virol. 2005 Mar;79(6):3448-58 PMID: 15731239
  62. Venezuelan equine Encephalitis virus capsid protein forms a tetrameric complex with CRM1 and importin alpha/beta that obstructs nuclear pore complex function.
    J Virol. 2010 May;84(9):4158-71 PMID: 20147401
  63. Control of translational repression by protein-protein interactions.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Apr 11;20(7):1649-55 PMID: 1579455
  64. Dengue virus capsid protein binds core histones and inhibits nucleosome formation in human liver cells.
    PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24365 PMID: 21909430
  65. West Nile virus capsid protein induces p53-mediated apoptosis via the sequestration of HDM2 to the nucleolus.
    Cell Microbiol. 2008 Jan;10(1):165-76 PMID: 17697133
  66. Norovirus RNA synthesis is modulated by an interaction between the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the major capsid protein, VP1.
    J Virol. 2012 Sep;86(18):10138-49 PMID: 22787222
  67. Tomato bushy stunt virus at 2.9 A resolution.
    Nature. 1978 Nov 23;276(5686):368-73 PMID: 19711552
  68. Translation of a nonpolyadenylated viral RNA is enhanced by binding of viral coat protein or polyadenylation of the RNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 4;98(25):14286-91 PMID: 11717411
  69. Plant innate immunity: perception of conserved microbial signatures.
    Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2012;63:451-82 PMID: 22404464
  70. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein inhibits nuclear import in Mammalian but not in mosquito cells.
    J Virol. 2008 Apr;82(8):4028-41 PMID: 18256144
  71. Ordered duplex RNA controls capsid architecture in an icosahedral animal virus.
    Nature. 1993 Jan 14;361(6408):176-9 PMID: 8421524
  72. The 3'-untranslated region of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3 contains at least two independent binding sites for viral coat protein.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Apr 25;22(8):1346-53 PMID: 8190624
  73. Members of the Arabidopsis HRT/RPP8 family of resistance genes confer resistance to both viral and oomycete pathogens.
    Plant Cell. 2000 May;12(5):663-76 PMID: 10810142
  74. Receptor-like kinase complexes in plant innate immunity.
    Front Plant Sci. 2012 Aug 24;3:209 PMID: 22936944
  75. Viruses and apoptosis.
    Annu Rev Microbiol. 1999;53:577-628 PMID: 10547702
  76. Viral shape-shifting: norovirus evasion of the human immune system.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Mar;8(3):231-41 PMID: 20125087
  77. Host defense, viruses and apoptosis.
    Cell Death Differ. 2001 Feb;8(2):113-26 PMID: 11313713
  78. Hepatitis C virus core protein down-regulates transcription of interferon-induced antiviral genes.
    J Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;191(1):93-9 PMID: 15593009
  79. Function and structure of inherently disordered proteins.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2008 Dec;18(6):756-64 PMID: 18952168
  80. Role of capsid proteins.
    Methods Mol Biol. 2008;451:21-31 PMID: 18370245
  81. Apoptosis: an innate immune response to virus infection.
    Trends Microbiol. 1999 Apr;7(4):160-5 PMID: 10217831
  82. RNA viruses: hijacking the dynamic nucleolus.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Feb;5(2):119-27 PMID: 17224921
  83. Interaction of hepatitis C virus core protein with viral sense RNA and suppression of its translation.
    J Virol. 1999 Dec;73(12):9718-25 PMID: 10559281
  84. Hepatitis C virus core protein abrogates the DDX3 function that enhances IPS-1-mediated IFN-beta induction.
    PLoS One. 2010 Dec 08;5(12):e14258 PMID: 21170385
  85. Avian encephalomyelitis virus induces apoptosis via major structural protein VP3.
    Virology. 2002 Aug 15;300(1):39-49 PMID: 12202204
  86. The nucleoprotein is required for efficient coronavirus genome replication.
    J Virol. 2004 Nov;78(22):12683-8 PMID: 15507657
  87. From perception to activation: the molecular-genetic and biochemical landscape of disease resistance signaling in plants.
    Arabidopsis Book. 2010;8:e012 PMID: 22303251
  88. The molecular mechanics of eukaryotic translation.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:657-704 PMID: 15189156
  89. Coat protein binding sites on RNA 1 of alfalfa mosaic virus.
    Virology. 1983 Mar;125(2):361-9 PMID: 6404055
  90. Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances p53 function through augmentation of DNA binding affinity and transcriptional ability.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 3;275(44):34122-30 PMID: 10924497
  91. Crystal structure of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein dimerization domain reveals evolutionary linkage between corona- and arteriviridae.
    J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 23;281(25):17134-17139 PMID: 16627473
  92. Dual behavior of HCV Core gene in regulation of apoptosis is important in progression of HCC.
    Infect Genet Evol. 2012 Mar;12(2):236-9 PMID: 22266242
  93. Brome mosaic virus capsid protein regulates accumulation of viral replication proteins by binding to the replicase assembly RNA element.
    RNA. 2009 Apr;15(4):615-26 PMID: 19237464
  94. The West Nile virus capsid protein blocks apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism.
    J Virol. 2013 Jan;87(2):872-81 PMID: 23115297
  95. Turnip crinkle virus coat protein mediates suppression of RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana.
    Virology. 2003 Feb 1;306(1):33-41 PMID: 12620795
  96. Double-stranded RNA binding may be a general plant RNA viral strategy to suppress RNA silencing.
    J Virol. 2006 Jun;80(12):5747-56 PMID: 16731914
  97. Coat protein activation of alfalfa mosaic virus replication is concentration dependent.
    J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5752-61 PMID: 15827190
  98. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus open reading frame (ORF) 3b, ORF 6, and nucleocapsid proteins function as interferon antagonists.
    J Virol. 2007 Jan;81(2):548-57 PMID: 17108024
  99. Rubella virus capsid protein modulation of viral genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis.
    Virology. 2005 Jul 5;337(2):327-34 PMID: 15907967
  100. Sequence-specific interaction of R17 coat protein with its ribonucleic acid binding site.
    Biochemistry. 1983 May 24;22(11):2601-10 PMID: 6347247
  101. Rubella virus capsid protein modulates viral genome replication and virus infectivity.
    J Virol. 2004 Apr;78(8):4314-22 PMID: 15047844
  102. Viral control of mitochondrial apoptosis.
    PLoS Pathog. 2008 May 30;4(5):e1000018 PMID: 18516228
  103. A single coxsackievirus B2 capsid residue controls cytolysis and apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
    J Virol. 2010 Jun;84(12):5868-79 PMID: 20375176
  104. A cell-based assay for RNA synthesis by the HCV polymerase reveals new insights on mechanism of polymerase inhibitors and modulation by NS5A.
    PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22575 PMID: 21799903
  105. IFN-alpha antagonistic activity of HCV core protein involves induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.
    FASEB J. 2003 Mar;17(3):488-90 PMID: 12551851
  106. Solution structure of the c-terminal dimerization domain of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein solved by the SAIL-NMR method.
    J Mol Biol. 2008 Jul 18;380(4):608-22 PMID: 18561946
  107. Structure of southern bean mosaic virus at 2.8 A resolution.
    Nature. 1980 Jul 3;286(5768):33-9 PMID: 19711553
  108. Structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus nucleocapsid in complex with the nucleocapsid-binding domain of the small polymerase cofactor, P.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 14;106(28):11713-8 PMID: 19571006
  109. In vitro and in vivo studies of the RNA conformational switch in Alfalfa mosaic virus.
    J Virol. 2010 Feb;84(3):1423-9 PMID: 19923185
  110. Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits Fas- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis via NF-kappaB activation.
    J Virol. 1999 Jun;73(6):4713-20 PMID: 10233931
  111. Hepatitis C virus core protein is a dimeric alpha-helical protein exhibiting membrane protein features.
    J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(17):11353-65 PMID: 16103187
  112. A single amino acid mutation in the carnation ringspot virus capsid protein allows virion formation but prevents systemic infection.
    J Virol. 2001 Oct;75(19):9538-42 PMID: 11533217
  113. Resistance to turnip crinkle virus in Arabidopsis is regulated by two host genes and is salicylic acid dependent but NPR1, ethylene, and jasmonate independent.
    Plant Cell. 2000 May;12(5):677-90 PMID: 10810143
  114. Removal of the N-terminal part of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein interferes with the specific binding to RNA 1 and genome activation.
    Virology. 1983 Sep;129(2):255-60 PMID: 18639115
  115. RNA chaperoning and intrinsic disorder in the core proteins of Flaviviridae.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Feb;36(3):712-25 PMID: 18033802
  116. Hepatitis C virus blocks interferon effector function by inducing protein kinase R phosphorylation.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Dec 17;6(6):513-22 PMID: 20006840
  117. A simple, RNA-mediated allosteric switch controls the pathway to formation of a T=3 viral capsid.
    J Mol Biol. 2007 Jun 1;369(2):541-52 PMID: 17434527
  118. Protein-RNA interactions in an icosahedral virus at 3.0 A resolution.
    Science. 1989 Jul 14;245(4914):154-9 PMID: 2749253
  119. Evaluation of the conformational switch model for alfalfa mosaic virus RNA replication.
    J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5743-51 PMID: 15827189
  120. Hepatitis C virus core protein blocks interferon signaling by interaction with the STAT1 SH2 domain.
    J Virol. 2006 Sep;80(18):9226-35 PMID: 16940534
  121. Mutants of the bacteriophage f2. 8. Control mechanisms for phage-specific syntheses.
    J Mol Biol. 1966 Aug;19(2):333-48 PMID: 5969069
  122. Enhanced local symmetry interactions globally stabilize a mutant virus capsid that maintains infectivity and capsid dynamics.
    J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(7):3582-91 PMID: 16537626
  123. Argonaute quenching and global changes in Dicer homeostasis caused by a pathogen-encoded GW repeat protein.
    Genes Dev. 2010 May;24(9):904-15 PMID: 20439431
  124. Complementation of a deletion in the rubella virus p150 nonstructural protein by the viral capsid protein.
    J Virol. 2003 Sep;77(17):9502-10 PMID: 12915564
  125. Flexible nets. The roles of intrinsic disorder in protein interaction networks.
    FEBS J. 2005 Oct;272(20):5129-48 PMID: 16218947
  126. Functional transcriptional regulatory sequence (TRS) RNA binding and helix destabilizing determinants of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) nucleocapsid (N) protein.
    J Biol Chem. 2012 Mar 2;287(10):7063-73 PMID: 22241479
  127. Coat protein enhances translational efficiency of Alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs and interacts with the eIF4G component of initiation factor eIF4F.
    J Gen Virol. 2005 Jun;86(Pt 6):1841-1849 PMID: 15914864
  128. Sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis by dengue virus capsid protein.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Oct 19;362(2):334-9 PMID: 17707345
  129. Three-dimensional structural analysis of recombinant rotavirus-like particles with intact and amino-terminal-deleted VP2: implications for the architecture of the VP2 capsid layer.
    J Virol. 1997 Oct;71(10):7353-60 PMID: 9311813
  130. Parallels among positive-strand RNA viruses, reverse-transcribing viruses and double-stranded RNA viruses.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 May;4(5):371-82 PMID: 16582931
  131. Protruding domain of capsid protein is necessary and sufficient to determine murine norovirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo.
    J Virol. 2012 Mar;86(6):2950-8 PMID: 22258242
  132. X-ray structure of a native calicivirus: structural insights into antigenic diversity and host specificity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 23;103(21):8048-53 PMID: 16702551
  133. Repression of interferon regulatory factor 1 by hepatitis C virus core protein results in inhibition of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes.
    J Virol. 2007 Jan;81(1):202-14 PMID: 17050603
  134. Analysis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein function in the inhibition of cellular transcription.
    J Virol. 2007 Dec;81(24):13552-65 PMID: 17913819
  135. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by enhancing Bid cleavage and activation of mitochondria apoptosis signaling pathway.
    J Immunol. 2005 Feb 15;174(4):2160-6 PMID: 15699147
  136. Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein facilitates template switching and is required for efficient transcription.
    J Virol. 2010 Feb;84(4):2169-75 PMID: 19955314
  137. Rubella virus capsid protein interacts with poly(a)-binding protein and inhibits translation.
    J Virol. 2008 May;82(9):4284-94 PMID: 18305028
  138. Hierarchical action and inhibition of plant Dicer-like proteins in antiviral defense.
    Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):68-71 PMID: 16741077
  139. Interaction of the influenza a virus nucleocapsid protein with the viral RNA polymerase potentiates unprimed viral RNA replication.
    J Virol. 2009 Jan;83(1):29-36 PMID: 18945782
  140. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-mediated apoptosis by hepatitis C virus core protein.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Jan 23;273(4):2256-9 PMID: 9442069
  141. The interaction of animal cytoplasmic RNA viruses with the nucleus to facilitate replication.
    Virus Res. 2003 Sep;95(1-2):13-22 PMID: 12921992
  142. The crystallographic structure of brome mosaic virus.
    J Mol Biol. 2002 Mar 15;317(1):95-108 PMID: 11916381
  143. RNA-binding proteins that inhibit RNA virus infection.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 27;104(9):3129-34 PMID: 17360619
  144. Coronavirus N protein N-terminal domain (NTD) specifically binds the transcriptional regulatory sequence (TRS) and melts TRS-cTRS RNA duplexes.
    J Mol Biol. 2009 Dec 4;394(3):544-57 PMID: 19782089
  145. The carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus capsid protein is incapable of virion formation yet supports systemic movement.
    J Virol. 1997 Jun;71(6):4862-5 PMID: 9151887
  146. Apoptosis: a mechanism of acute and chronic liver injury.
    Gut. 2005 Jul;54(7):1024-33 PMID: 15951554
  147. RNA-based antiviral immunity.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Sep;10(9):632-44 PMID: 20706278
  148. Hepatitis C virus core protein acts as a trans-modulating factor on internal translation initiation of the viral RNA.
    J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):17737-48 PMID: 15760888
  149. Difference imaging reveals ordered regions of RNA in turnip yellow mosaic virus.
    Structure. 1996 Apr 15;4(4):387-94 PMID: 8740361
  150. A 38-amino-acid sequence encompassing the arm domain of the cucumber necrosis virus coat protein functions as a chloroplast transit Peptide in infected plants.
    J Virol. 2006 Aug;80(16):7952-64 PMID: 16873252
  151. The three-dimensional structure of the bacterial virus MS2.
    Nature. 1990 May 3;345(6270):36-41 PMID: 2330049
  152. Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein bridges RNA and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro.
    Virology. 2007 Jul 20;364(1):214-26 PMID: 17400272
  153. Persistent and transient replication of full-length hepatitis C virus genomes in cell culture.
    J Virol. 2002 Apr;76(8):4008-21 PMID: 11907240
  154. Flavivirus activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling to block caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death at the early stage of virus infection.
    J Virol. 2005 Jul;79(13):8388-99 PMID: 15956583
  155. A single amino acid substitution in the murine norovirus capsid protein is sufficient for attenuation in vivo.
    J Virol. 2008 Aug;82(15):7725-8 PMID: 18495770
  156. Structural requirements for the assembly of Norwalk virus-like particles.
    J Virol. 2002 Apr;76(8):4044-55 PMID: 11907243
  157. Solution structure of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) nsp3a and determinants of the interaction with MHV nucleocapsid (N) protein.
    J Virol. 2013 Mar;87(6):3502-15 PMID: 23302895
  158. Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins inhibits signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathway.
    J Virol. 1999 Oct;73(10):8469-75 PMID: 10482599
  159. West Nile virus core protein; tetramer structure and ribbon formation.
    Structure. 2004 Jul;12(7):1157-63 PMID: 15242592
  160. Structure and assembly of turnip crinkle virus. II. Mechanism of reassembly in vitro.
    J Mol Biol. 1986 Oct 20;191(4):639-58 PMID: 3806677
  161. An examination of the electrostatic interactions between the N-terminal tail of the Brome Mosaic Virus coat protein and encapsidated RNAs.
    J Mol Biol. 2012 Jun 22;419(5):284-300 PMID: 22472420
  162. Regulation of hepatitis C virus replication by the core protein through its interaction with viral RNA polymerase.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Aug 14;386(1):55-9 PMID: 19501052
  163. The nuclear localization of the Arabidopsis transcription factor TIP is blocked by its interaction with the coat protein of Turnip crinkle virus.
    Virology. 2005 Jan 20;331(2):316-24 PMID: 15629774
  164. RNA virus replication complexes.
    PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jul 22;6(7):e1000943 PMID: 20661480
Article Info
Journal
Virology
Abbr.
Virology
ISSN
1096-0341
DOI
10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.023
Published
2013-11-00
Epub
2013-00-27
Pages
123-32
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0110674
PMCID
PMC3818703
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI090280 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · 1R01AI090280 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.023 PMC Full Text
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2