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PMID: 10477306 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Transposon Tn21, flagship of the floating genome.

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR ·Vol. 63 ·No. 3 ·1999-09-00 ·Pages 507-22

Liebert CA, Hall RM, Summers AO

Abstract

The transposon Tn21 and a group of closely related transposons (the Tn21 family) are involved in the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants in gram-negative facultative bacteria. The molecular basis for their involvement is carriage by the Tn21 family of a mobile DNA element (the integron) encoding a site-specific system for the acquisition of multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The paradigm example, Tn21, also carries genes for its own transposition and a mercury resistance (mer) operon. We have compiled the entire 19,671-bp sequence of Tn21 and assessed the possible origins and functions of the genes it contains. Our assessment adds molecular detail to previous models of the evolution of Tn21 and is consistent with the insertion of the integron In2 into an ancestral Tn501-like mer transposon. Codon usage analysis indicates distinct host origins for the ancestral mer operon, the integron, and the gene cassette and two insertion sequences which lie within the integron. The sole gene of unknown function in the integron, orf5, resembles a puromycin-modifying enzyme from an antibiotic producing bacterium. A possible seventh gene in the mer operon (merE), perhaps with a role in Hg(II) transport, lies in the junction between the integron and the mer operon. Analysis of the region interrupted by insertion of the integron suggests that the putative transposition regulator, tnpM, is the C-terminal vestige of a tyrosine kinase sensor present in the ancestral mer transposon. The extensive dissemination of the Tn21 family may have resulted from the fortuitous association of a genetic element for accumulating multiple antibiotic resistances (the integron) with one conferring resistance to a toxic metal at a time when clinical, agricultural, and industrial practices were rapidly increasing the exposure to both types of selective agents. The compendium offered here will provide a reference point for ongoing observations of related elements in multiply resistant strains emerging worldwide.

MeSH Terms
Base Sequence DNA Transposable Elements/genetics Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics Genome, Bacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics Molecular Sequence Data
Chemicals
DNA Transposable Elements
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Liebert C A
Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2605, USA.
Hall R M
Summers A O
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Article Info
Journal
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR
Abbr.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
ISSN
1092-2172
DOI
10.1128/MMBR.63.3.507-522.1999
Published
1999-09-00
Pages
507-22
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9706653
PMCID
PMC103744
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · GM28211 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.63.3.507-522.1999 PMC Full Text View journal details
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