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PMID: 8894351 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in human infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases.

Clinical microbiology reviews ·Vol. 9 ·No. 4 ·1996-10-00 ·Pages 532-62

Lucey DR, Clerici M, Shearer GM

Abstract

In the mid-1980s, Mosmann, Coffman, and their colleagues discovered that murine CD4+ helper T-cell clones could be distinguished by the cytokines they synthesized. The isolation of human Th1 and Th2 clones by Romagnani and coworkers in the early 1990s has led to a large number of reports on the effects of Th1 and Th2 on the human immune system. More recently, cells other than CD4+ T cells, including CD8+ T cells, monocytes, NK cells, B cells, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and other cells, have been shown to be capable of producing "Th1" and "Th2" cytokines. In this review, we examine the literature on human diseases, using the nomenclature of type 1 (Th1-like) and type 2 (Th2-like) cytokines, which includes all cell types producing these cytokines rather than only CD4+ T cells. Type 1 cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor beta, while type 2 cytokines include IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13. In general, type 1 cytokines favor the development of a strong cellular immune response whereas type 2 cytokines favor a strong humoral immune response. Some of these type 1 and type 2 cytokines are cross-regulatory. For example, gamma interferon and IL-12 decrease the levels of type 2 cytokines whereas IL-4 and IL-10 decrease the levels of type 1 cytokines. We use this cytokine perspective to examine human diseases including infections due to viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, as well as selected neoplastic, atopic, rheumatologic, autoimmune, and idiopathic-inflammatory conditions. Clinically, type 1 cytokine-predominant responses should be suspected in any delayed-type hypersensitivity-like granulomatous reactions and in infections with intracellular pathogens, whereas conditions involving hypergammaglobulinemia, increased immunoglobulin E levels, and/or eosinophilia are suggestive of type 2 cytokine-predominant conditions. If this immunologic concept is relevant to human diseases, the potential exists for novel cytokine-based therapies and novel cytokine-directed preventive vaccines for such diseases.

MeSH Terms
Antigen Presentation Antigens, CD7/immunology Autoimmune Diseases/immunology Bacterial Infections/immunology CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology,metabolism Communicable Diseases/immunology Cytokines/biosynthesis,classification Eosinophilia/immunology Eosinophils/immunology,metabolism Flow Cytometry Granuloma/immunology Humans Hypersensitivity/immunology Immunoglobulin E/immunology Inflammation/immunology Ki-1 Antigen/immunology Macrophages/immunology,metabolism Mycobacterium Infections/immunology Mycoses/immunology Neoplasms/immunology Parasitic Diseases/immunology Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology Virus Diseases/immunology
Chemicals
Antigens, CD7 Cytokines Ki-1 Antigen Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7 Immunoglobulin E
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Lucey D R
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Clerici M
Shearer G M
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Article Info
Journal
Clinical microbiology reviews
Abbr.
Clin Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0893-8512
DOI
10.1128/CMR.9.4.532
Published
1996-10-00
Pages
532-62
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8807282
PMCID
PMC172909
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/CMR.9.4.532 PMC Full Text View journal details
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