Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 8367489 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

An upstream open reading frame represses expression of Lc, a member of the R/B family of maize transcriptional activators.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ·Vol. 90 ·No. 17 ·1993-09-01 ·Pages 8244-8

Damiani RD, Wessler SR

Abstract

The R/B genes of maize encode a family of basic helix-loop-helix proteins that determine where and when the anthocyanin-pigment pathway will be expressed in the plant. Previous studies showed that allelic diversity among family members reflects differences in gene expression, specifically in transcription initiation. We present evidence that the R gene Lc is under translational control. We demonstrate that the 235-nt transcript leader of Lc represses expression 25- to 30-fold in an in vivo assay. Repression is mediated by the presence in cis of a 38-codon upstream open reading frame. Furthermore, the coding capacity of the upstream open reading frame influences the magnitude of repression. It is proposed that translational control does not contribute to tissue specificity but prevents overexpression of the Lc protein. The diversity of promoter and 5' untranslated leader sequences among the R/B genes provides an opportunity to study the coevolution of transcriptional and translational mechanisms of gene regulation.

Related Genes
R/B
MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Sequence Base Sequence Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/biosynthesis,metabolism Codon/genetics Genes, Plant Inbreeding Luciferases/biosynthesis,metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Multigene Family Mutagenesis, Site-Directed Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Open Reading Frames Plant Proteins/biosynthesis,genetics Plasmids RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis,metabolism Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis Transcription Factors/biosynthesis,genetics Transcription, Genetic Zea mays/genetics,metabolism
Chemicals
Codon Lc protein, Zea mays Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Plant Proteins RNA, Messenger Recombinant Fusion Proteins Transcription Factors Luciferases Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Damiani R D
Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.
Wessler S R
References (31)
31 references, click to expand
  1. Codon usage in plant genes.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jan 25;17(2):477-98 PMID: 2644621
  2. Selection of AUG initiation codons differs in plants and animals.
    EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):43-8 PMID: 3556162
  3. A regulatory gene as a novel visible marker for maize transformation.
    Science. 1990 Jan 26;247(4941):449-50 PMID: 17788612
  4. Nucleotide sequence of the maize R-S gene.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Oct 11;17(19):8003 PMID: 2798145
  5. A nonchromatographic assay for expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in eucaryotic cells.
    Anal Biochem. 1986 Jul;156(1):251-6 PMID: 3461723
  6. Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence.
    Cell. 1989 Aug 11;58(3):537-44 PMID: 2503252
  7. Arabidopsis and Nicotiana anthocyanin production activated by maize regulators R and C1.
    Science. 1992 Dec 11;258(5089):1773-5 PMID: 1465611
  8. Lc, a member of the maize R gene family responsible for tissue-specific anthocyanin production, encodes a protein similar to transcriptional activators and contains the myc-homology region.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7092-6 PMID: 2674946
  9. Transactivation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes following transfer of B regulatory genes into maize tissues.
    EMBO J. 1990 Aug;9(8):2517-22 PMID: 2369901
  10. Effects of intercistronic length on the efficiency of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3438-45 PMID: 3683388
  11. Influences of mRNA secondary structure on initiation by eukaryotic ribosomes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(9):2850-4 PMID: 3458245
  12. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes.
    Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):283-92 PMID: 3943125
  13. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity.
    Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6-13 PMID: 6312838
  14. The leader peptide of yeast gene CPA1 is essential for the translational repression of its expression.
    Cell. 1987 Jun 19;49(6):805-13 PMID: 3555844
  15. Cell-specific translational regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA. Dependence on translation and coding capacity of the cis-acting upstream open reading frame.
    J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 5;268(1):726-31 PMID: 8416975
  16. Molecular analysis of the maize anthocyanin regulatory locus C1.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(24):9631-5 PMID: 3025847
  17. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463-7 PMID: 271968
  18. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes introduced into intact maize tissues by microprojectiles.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(17):6681-5 PMID: 16594066
  19. Introns increase gene expression in cultured maize cells.
    Genes Dev. 1987 Dec;1(10):1183-200 PMID: 2828168
  20. Translational control of human cytomegalovirus gp48 expression.
    J Virol. 1991 Dec;65(12):6782-9 PMID: 1658374
  21. Displaced and tandem duplications in the long arm of chromosome 10 in maize.
    Genetics. 1976 Feb;82(2):309-22 PMID: 17248699
  22. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387-95 PMID: 6546423
  23. Genetic and molecular analysis of Sn, a light-inducible, tissue specific regulatory gene in maize.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Mar;225(3):401-10 PMID: 1673220
  24. The scanning model for translation: an update.
    J Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;108(2):229-41 PMID: 2645293
  25. Functional analysis of the transcriptional activator encoded by the maize B gene: evidence for a direct functional interaction between two classes of regulatory proteins.
    Genes Dev. 1992 May;6(5):864-75 PMID: 1577278
  26. An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 26;15(20):8125-48 PMID: 3313277
  27. Leader-encoded open reading frames modulate both the absolute and relative rates of synthesis of the virion proteins of simian virus 40.
    J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3884-93 PMID: 2548004
  28. Termination-reinitiation occurs in the translation of mammalian cell mRNAs.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jul;6(7):2695-703 PMID: 3023945
  29. Allelic diversity of the maize B regulatory gene: different leader and promoter sequences of two B alleles determine distinct tissue specificities of anthocyanin production.
    Genes Dev. 1992 Nov;6(11):2152-64 PMID: 1427078
  30. Expression in plants of two bacterial antibiotic resistance genes after protoplast transformation with a new plant expression vector.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jul 25;14(14):5857-68 PMID: 3016666
  31. Molecular homology among members of the R gene family in maize.
    Plant J. 1993 Feb;3(2):335-46 PMID: 8220447
Article Info
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Abbr.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
ISSN
0027-8424
DOI
10.1073/pnas.90.17.8244
Published
1993-09-01
Pages
8244-8
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7505876
PMCID
PMC47325
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.8244 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2