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PMID: 8118792 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada.

Clinical microbiology reviews ·Vol. 7 ·No. 1 ·1994-01-00 ·Pages 89-116

Calisher CH

Abstract

Of more than 500 arboviruses recognized worldwide, 5 were first isolated in Canada and 58 were first isolated in the United States. Six of these viruses are human pathogens: western equine encephalitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and Powassan (POW) viruses (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus), LaCrosse (LAC) virus (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus), and Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus (Reoviridae, Coltivirus). Their scientific histories, geographic distributions, virology, epidemiology, vectors, vertebrate hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical and differential diagnoses, control, treatment, and laboratory diagnosis are reviewed. In addition, mention is made of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex viruses (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), which periodically cause human and equine disease in North America. WEE, EEE, and SLE viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes between birds; POW and CTF viruses, between wild mammals by ticks; LAC virus, between small mammals by mosquitoes; and VEE viruses, between small or large mammals by mosquitoes. Human infections are tangential to the natural cycle. Such infections range from rare to focal but are relatively frequent where they occur. Epidemics of WEE, EEE, VEE, and SLE viruses have been recorded at periodic intervals, but prevalence of infections with LAC and CTF viruses typically are constant, related to the degree of exposure to infected vectors. Infections with POW virus appear to be rare. Adequate diagnostic tools are available, but treatment is mainly supportive, and greater efforts at educating the public and the medical community are suggested if infections are to be prevented.

MeSH Terms
Animals Arbovirus Infections/diagnosis,epidemiology,therapy,transmission Arboviruses/classification,genetics,isolation & purification,pathogenicity Canada/epidemiology Diagnosis, Differential Humans United States/epidemiology
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Calisher C H
Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Foothills Campus, Ft. Collins 80523.
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Article Info
Journal
Clinical microbiology reviews
Abbr.
Clin Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0893-8512
DOI
10.1128/CMR.7.1.89
Published
1994-01-00
Pages
89-116
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8807282
PMCID
PMC358307
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/CMR.7.1.89 PMC Full Text View journal details
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