Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 25879289 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review

Pyroptotic cell death defends against intracellular pathogens.

Immunological reviews ·Vol. 265 ·No. 1 ·2015-05-00 ·Pages 130-42

Jorgensen I, Miao EA

Abstract

Inflammatory caspases play a central role in innate immunity by responding to cytosolic signals and initiating a twofold response. First, caspase-1 induces the activation and secretion of the two prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Second, either caspase-1 or caspase-11 can trigger a form of lytic, programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Pyroptosis operates to remove the replication niche of intracellular pathogens, making them susceptible to phagocytosis and killing by a secondary phagocyte. However, aberrant, systemic activation of pyroptosis in vivo may contribute to sepsis. Emphasizing the efficiency of inflammasome detection of microbial infections, many pathogens have evolved to avoid or subvert pyroptosis. This review focuses on molecular and morphological characteristics of pyroptosis and the individual inflammasomes and their contribution to defense against infection in mice and humans.

Keywords
caspase-1 caspase-11 inflammasome inflammatory caspases pyroptosis
MeSH Terms
Animals Caspase 1/metabolism Caspases/metabolism Caspases, Initiator/metabolism DNA Replication Humans Immune Evasion Immunity, Innate Infections/immunology Inflammasomes/immunology,metabolism Interleukin-1/metabolism Interleukin-18/metabolism Intracellular Space Mice Pyroptosis
Chemicals
Inflammasomes Interleukin-1 Interleukin-18 CASP4 protein, human Casp4 protein, mouse Caspases Caspases, Initiator Caspase 1
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Jorgensen Ine
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Miao Edward A
References (123)
123 references, click to expand
  1. Dual role of caspase-11 in mediating activation of caspase-1 and caspase-3 under pathological conditions.
    J Cell Biol. 2000 May 1;149(3):613-22 PMID: 10791975
  2. Expression analysis of the human caspase-1 subfamily reveals specific regulation of the CASP5 gene by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 22;275(51):39920-6 PMID: 10986288
  3. Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death.
    Trends Microbiol. 2001 Mar;9(3):113-4 PMID: 11303500
  4. IFN-gamma overproduction and high level apoptosis are associated with high but not low virulence Toxoplasma gondii infection.
    J Immunol. 2001 Jul 15;167(2):902-9 PMID: 11441097
  5. Acute toxoplasmosis leads to lethal overproduction of Th1 cytokines.
    J Immunol. 2001 Oct 15;167(8):4574-84 PMID: 11591786
  6. Induction of caspase-11 by inflammatory stimuli in rat astrocytes: lipopolysaccharide induction through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
    FEBS Lett. 2001 Oct 26;507(2):157-62 PMID: 11684090
  7. Cytotoxicity and interleukin-1beta processing following Shigella flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
    Eur J Immunol. 2002 May;32(5):1464-71 PMID: 11981835
  8. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta.
    Mol Cell. 2002 Aug;10(2):417-26 PMID: 12191486
  9. Caspase-11 gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma requires nuclear factor-kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 1;277(44):41624-30 PMID: 12198138
  10. Inhalational anthrax and bioterrorism.
    Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003 May;9(3):221-6 PMID: 12682568
  11. In vivo, fliC expression by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is heterogeneous, regulated by ClpX, and anatomically restricted.
    Mol Microbiol. 2006 Aug;61(3):795-809 PMID: 16803592
  12. Caspase-1-dependent pore formation during pyroptosis leads to osmotic lysis of infected host macrophages.
    Cell Microbiol. 2006 Nov;8(11):1812-25 PMID: 16824040
  13. Regulation of Legionella phagosome maturation and infection through flagellin and host Ipaf.
    J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 17;281(46):35217-23 PMID: 16984919
  14. Nine procaspases are expressed in normal human epidermis, but only caspase-14 is fully processed.
    Br J Dermatol. 2007 Mar;156(3):420-7 PMID: 17300228
  15. Reconstituted NALP1 inflammasome reveals two-step mechanism of caspase-1 activation.
    Mol Cell. 2007 Mar 9;25(5):713-24 PMID: 17349957
  16. The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1beta by keratinocytes.
    Curr Biol. 2007 Jul 3;17(13):1140-5 PMID: 17600714
  17. The caspase-1 digestome identifies the glycolysis pathway as a target during infection and septic shock.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 14;282(50):36321-9 PMID: 17959595
  18. Anthrax lethal toxin and Salmonella elicit the common cell death pathway of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via distinct mechanisms.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 18;105(11):4312-7 PMID: 18337499
  19. Multiple Nod-like receptors activate caspase 1 during Listeria monocytogenes infection.
    J Immunol. 2008 Jun 1;180(11):7558-64 PMID: 18490757
  20. An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Mar;10(3):266-72 PMID: 19158679
  21. HIN-200 proteins regulate caspase activation in response to foreign cytoplasmic DNA.
    Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1057-60 PMID: 19131592
  22. A coding polymorphism in NALP1 confers risk for autoimmune Addison's disease and type 1 diabetes.
    Genes Immun. 2009 Mar;10(2):120-4 PMID: 18946481
  23. AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC.
    Nature. 2009 Mar 26;458(7237):514-8 PMID: 19158675
  24. AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA.
    Nature. 2009 Mar 26;458(7237):509-13 PMID: 19158676
  25. Roadblocks in HIV research: five questions.
    Nat Med. 2009 Aug;15(8):855-9 PMID: 19661992
  26. Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 16;107(7):3076-80 PMID: 20133635
  27. A Yersinia effector protein promotes virulence by preventing inflammasome recognition of the type III secretion system.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2010 May 20;7(5):376-87 PMID: 20478539
  28. Absent in melanoma 2 is required for innate immune recognition of Francisella tularensis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 25;107(21):9771-6 PMID: 20457908
  29. Cutting edge: Cytosolic bacterial DNA activates the inflammasome via Aim2.
    J Immunol. 2010 Jul 15;185(2):818-21 PMID: 20562263
  30. Involvement of absent in melanoma 2 in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes.
    J Immunol. 2010 Jul 15;185(2):1186-95 PMID: 20566831
  31. Cutting edge: proteolytic inactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 by the Nlrp3 and Nlrc4 inflammasomes.
    J Immunol. 2010 Sep 15;185(6):3127-30 PMID: 20713892
  32. Involvement of the AIM2, NLRC4, and NLRP3 inflammasomes in caspase-1 activation by Listeria monocytogenes.
    J Clin Immunol. 2010 Sep;30(5):693-702 PMID: 20490635
  33. Central roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in viral infection.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Oct;10(10):688-98 PMID: 20847744
  34. Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria.
    Nat Immunol. 2010 Dec;11(12):1136-42 PMID: 21057511
  35. Differential requirement for Caspase-1 autoproteolysis in pathogen-induced cell death and cytokine processing.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Dec 16;8(6):471-83 PMID: 21147462
  36. A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
    Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):221-5 PMID: 21124315
  37. Discovery of a viral NLR homolog that inhibits the inflammasome.
    Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):330-4 PMID: 21252346
  38. Rapid induction of inflammatory lipid mediators by the inflammasome in vivo.
    Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):107-11 PMID: 22902502
  39. Toll or interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-mediated caspase-11 protease production integrates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein- and Nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated host defense against enteropathogens.
    J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 5;287(41):34474-83 PMID: 22898816
  40. Crystal structure of NLRC4 reveals its autoinhibition mechanism.
    Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):172-5 PMID: 23765277
  41. Human NAIP and mouse NAIP1 recognize bacterial type III secretion needle protein for inflammasome activation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 27;110(35):14408-13 PMID: 23940371
  42. Noncanonical inflammasome activation by intracellular LPS independent of TLR4.
    Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1246-9 PMID: 23887873
  43. Cytoplasmic LPS activates caspase-11: implications in TLR4-independent endotoxic shock.
    Science. 2013 Sep 13;341(6151):1250-3 PMID: 24031018
  44. Cutting edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not nonvirulent mycobacteria inhibits IFN-β and AIM2 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production via its ESX-1 secretion system.
    J Immunol. 2013 Oct 1;191(7):3514-8 PMID: 23997220
  45. Cutting edge: Mouse NAIP1 detects the type III secretion system needle protein.
    J Immunol. 2013 Oct 15;191(8):3986-9 PMID: 24043898
  46. the AIM2 inflammasome is involved in macrophage activation during infection with virulent Mycobacterium bovis strain.
    J Infect Dis. 2013 Dec 1;208(11):1849-58 PMID: 23901081
  47. IFI16 senses DNA forms of the lentiviral replication cycle and controls HIV-1 replication.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 26;110(48):E4571-80 PMID: 24154727
  48. NLRP1 is an inflammasome sensor for Toxoplasma gondii.
    Infect Immun. 2014 Jan;82(1):460-8 PMID: 24218483
  49. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection.
    Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):509-14 PMID: 24356306
  50. IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV.
    Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):428-32 PMID: 24356113
  51. Listeria monocytogenes triggers AIM2-mediated pyroptosis upon infrequent bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2010 May 20;7(5):412-9 PMID: 20417169
  52. Caspase-11 increases susceptibility to Salmonella infection in the absence of caspase-1.
    Nature. 2012 Oct 11;490(7419):288-91 PMID: 22895188
  53. Caspase-11 protects against bacteria that escape the vacuole.
    Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):975-8 PMID: 23348507
  54. Transcriptional analysis of the three Nlrp1 paralogs in mice.
    BMC Genomics. 2013;14:188 PMID: 23506131
  55. Vaccinia virus F1L protein promotes virulence by inhibiting inflammasome activation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 7;110(19):7808-13 PMID: 23603272
  56. The Shigella OspC3 effector inhibits caspase-4, antagonizes inflammatory cell death, and promotes epithelial infection.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2013 May 15;13(5):570-83 PMID: 23684308
  57. K⁺ efflux is the common trigger of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by bacterial toxins and particulate matter.
    Immunity. 2013 Jun 27;38(6):1142-53 PMID: 23809161
  58. The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses.
    Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):395-402 PMID: 20351692
  59. The AIM2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to Francisella tularensis.
    Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):385-93 PMID: 20351693
  60. NALP1 influences susceptibility to human congenital toxoplasmosis, proinflammatory cytokine response, and fate of Toxoplasma gondii-infected monocytic cells.
    Infect Immun. 2011 Feb;79(2):756-66 PMID: 21098108
  61. PARP-1 regulates the expression of caspase-11.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 May 13;408(3):489-93 PMID: 21530491
  62. IFI16 acts as a nuclear pathogen sensor to induce the inflammasome in response to Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2011 May 19;9(5):363-75 PMID: 21575908
  63. Gain-of-function Pyrin mutations induce NLRP3 protein-independent interleukin-1β activation and severe autoinflammation in mice.
    Immunity. 2011 May 27;34(5):755-68 PMID: 21600797
  64. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis.
    Cell. 2011 May 27;145(5):745-57 PMID: 21565393
  65. Generation of a Listeria vaccine strain by enhanced caspase-1 activation.
    Eur J Immunol. 2011 Jul;41(7):1934-40 PMID: 21538346
  66. Listeria monocytogenes engineered to activate the Nlrc4 inflammasome are severely attenuated and are poor inducers of protective immunity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 26;108(30):12419-24 PMID: 21746921
  67. Sensing damage by the NLRP3 inflammasome.
    Immunol Rev. 2011 Sep;243(1):152-62 PMID: 21884174
  68. Innate immune recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIPs determines inflammasome specificity.
    Nature. 2011 Sep 29;477(7366):592-5 PMID: 21874021
  69. The NLRC4 inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus.
    Nature. 2011 Sep 29;477(7366):596-600 PMID: 21918512
  70. Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11.
    Nature. 2011 Nov 3;479(7371):117-21 PMID: 22002608
  71. CARD8 and NLRP1 undergo autoproteolytic processing through a ZU5-like domain.
    PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27396 PMID: 22087307
  72. Inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis and IL-18 protect against Burkholderia pseudomallei lung infection while IL-1β is deleterious.
    PLoS Pathog. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002452 PMID: 22241982
  73. Preventing bacterial DNA release and absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome activation by a Legionella effector functioning in membrane trafficking.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 17;109(16):6193-8 PMID: 22474394
  74. Extensive evolutionary and functional diversity among mammalian AIM2-like receptors.
    J Exp Med. 2012 Oct 22;209(11):1969-83 PMID: 23045604
  75. Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation.
    Nature. 2012 Oct 25;490(7421):539-42 PMID: 22885697
  76. The Yersinia virulence effector YopM binds caspase-1 to arrest inflammasome assembly and processing.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Dec 13;12(6):799-805 PMID: 23245324
  77. NLRP1 inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
    Immunity. 2012 Dec 14;37(6):1009-23 PMID: 23219391
  78. Caspase-11 stimulates rapid flagellin-independent pyroptosis in response to Legionella pneumophila.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 29;110(5):1851-6 PMID: 23307811
  79. Roles of caspase-1 in Listeria infection in mice.
    Int Immunol. 2004 Feb;16(2):335-43 PMID: 14734619
  80. Characterization of flagellin expression and its role in Listeria monocytogenes infection and immunity.
    Cell Microbiol. 2004 Mar;6(3):235-42 PMID: 14764107
  81. NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder.
    Immunity. 2004 Mar;20(3):319-25 PMID: 15030775
  82. Caspase-11 is not necessary for chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis.
    DNA Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;23(8):490-5 PMID: 15307951
  83. Cytosolic recognition of flagellin by mouse macrophages restricts Legionella pneumophila infection.
    J Exp Med. 2006 Apr 17;203(4):1093-104 PMID: 16606669
  84. Enhanced bacterial clearance and sepsis resistance in caspase-12-deficient mice.
    Nature. 2006 Apr 20;440(7087):1064-8 PMID: 16625199
  85. Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in salmonella-infected macrophages.
    Nat Immunol. 2006 Jun;7(6):576-82 PMID: 16648852
  86. Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf.
    Nat Immunol. 2006 Jun;7(6):569-75 PMID: 16648853
  87. Flagellin-deficient Legionella mutants evade caspase-1- and Naip5-mediated macrophage immunity.
    PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar;2(3):e18 PMID: 16552444
  88. Listeria monocytogenes regulates flagellar motility gene expression through MogR, a transcriptional repressor required for virulence.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12318-23 PMID: 15302931
  89. Physical and antigenic heterogeneity in the flagellins of Listeria monocytogenes and L. ivanovii.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1988 Sep;134(9):2593-8 PMID: 3151210
  90. Shigella flexneri induces apoptosis in infected macrophages.
    Nature. 1992 Jul 9;358(6382):167-9 PMID: 1614548
  91. Mice deficient in IL-1 beta-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1 beta and resistant to endotoxic shock.
    Cell. 1995 Feb 10;80(3):401-11 PMID: 7859282
  92. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme.
    Science. 1995 Mar 31;267(5206):2000-3 PMID: 7535475
  93. Murine caspase-11, an ICE-interacting protease, is essential for the activation of ICE.
    Cell. 1998 Feb 20;92(4):501-9 PMID: 9491891
  94. Innate immunity against Francisella tularensis is dependent on the ASC/caspase-1 axis.
    J Exp Med. 2005 Oct 17;202(8):1043-9 PMID: 16230474
  95. A poxvirus-encoded pyrin domain protein interacts with ASC-1 to inhibit host inflammatory and apoptotic responses to infection.
    Immunity. 2005 Dec;23(6):587-98 PMID: 16356857
  96. Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin.
    Nat Genet. 2006 Feb;38(2):240-4 PMID: 16429160
  97. Caspases at the crossroads of immune-cell life and death.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Apr;6(4):308-17 PMID: 16557262
  98. Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity.
    J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 20;287(30):25030-7 PMID: 22665479
  99. Caspase-11 promotes the fusion of phagosomes harboring pathogenic bacteria with lysosomes by modulating actin polymerization.
    Immunity. 2012 Jul 27;37(1):35-47 PMID: 22658523
  100. NLRP1-dependent pyroptosis leads to acute lung injury and morbidity in mice.
    J Immunol. 2012 Aug 15;189(4):2006-16 PMID: 22753929
  101. TRIF licenses caspase-11-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation by gram-negative bacteria.
    Cell. 2012 Aug 3;150(3):606-19 PMID: 22819539
  102. Cell volume regulation modulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
    Immunity. 2012 Sep 21;37(3):487-500 PMID: 22981536
  103. The mammalian PYHIN gene family: phylogeny, evolution and expression.
    BMC Evol Biol. 2012;12:140 PMID: 22871040
  104. Critical role of AIM2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
    Int Immunol. 2012 Oct;24(10):637-44 PMID: 22695634
  105. Activation of the NLRP1b inflammasome independently of ASC-mediated caspase-1 autoproteolysis and speck formation.
    Nat Commun. 2014;5:3209 PMID: 24492532
  106. Shigella type III secretion protein MxiI is recognized by Naip2 to induce Nlrc4 inflammasome activation independently of Pkcδ.
    PLoS Pathog. 2014 Feb;10(2):e1003926 PMID: 24516390
  107. Dual role for inflammasome sensors NLRP1 and NLRP3 in murine resistance to Toxoplasma gondii.
    MBio. 2014;5(1). pii: e01117-13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01117-13 PMID: 24549849
  108. Inflammasome sensor NLRP1 controls rat macrophage susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii.
    PLoS Pathog. 2014 Mar;10(3):e1003927 PMID: 24626226
  109. A highly conserved Toxo1 haplotype directs resistance to toxoplasmosis and its associated caspase-1 dependent killing of parasite and host macrophage.
    PLoS Pathog. 2014 Apr;10(4):e1004005 PMID: 24699513
  110. Molecular basis for specific recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes.
    Mol Cell. 2014 Apr 10;54(1):17-29 PMID: 24657167
  111. Guanylate binding proteins promote caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis in response to cytoplasmic LPS.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Apr 22;111(16):6046-51 PMID: 24715728
  112. The neutrophil NLRC4 inflammasome selectively promotes IL-1β maturation without pyroptosis during acute Salmonella challenge.
    Cell Rep. 2014 Jul 24;8(2):570-82 PMID: 25043180
  113. A CRISPR-Cas system enhances envelope integrity mediating antibiotic resistance and inflammasome evasion.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jul 29;111(30):11163-8 PMID: 25024199
  114. Noncanonical inflammasome activation of caspase-4/caspase-11 mediates epithelial defenses against enteric bacterial pathogens.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2014 Aug 13;16(2):249-56 PMID: 25121752
  115. Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome.
    Nature. 2014 Sep 11;513(7517):237-41 PMID: 24919149
  116. An activating NLRC4 inflammasome mutation causes autoinflammation with recurrent macrophage activation syndrome.
    Nat Genet. 2014 Oct;46(10):1140-6 PMID: 25217959
  117. Mutation of NLRC4 causes a syndrome of enterocolitis and autoinflammation.
    Nat Genet. 2014 Oct;46(10):1135-9 PMID: 25217960
  118. Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS.
    Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):187-92 PMID: 25119034
  119. Caspase-11 is expressed in the colonic mucosa and protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.
    Mucosal Immunol. 2014 Nov;7(6):1480-91 PMID: 24850431
  120. An inherited mutation in NLRC4 causes autoinflammation in human and mice.
    J Exp Med. 2014 Nov 17;211(12):2385-96 PMID: 25385754
  121. Caspase-1 autoproteolysis is differentially required for NLRP1b and NLRP3 inflammasome function.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 2;111(48):17254-9 PMID: 25404286
  122. Interferon-induced guanylate-binding proteins promote cytosolic lipopolysaccharide detection by caspase-11.
    DNA Cell Biol. 2015 Jan;34(1):1-5 PMID: 25347553
  123. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components.
    Immunity. 1999 Oct;11(4):443-51 PMID: 10549626
Article Info
Journal
Immunological reviews
Abbr.
Immunol Rev
ISSN
1600-065X
DOI
10.1111/imr.12287
Published
2015-05-00
Pages
130-42
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
7702118
PMCID
PMC4400865
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI097518 · United States
NIDDK NIH HHS · T32 DK007737 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI097518 · United States
NIDDK NIH HHS · DK007737 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1111/imr.12287 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2