Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 23267358 Published · epublish English Journal Article

Defining the molecular blueprint that drives CD8(+) T cell differentiation in response to infection.

Frontiers in immunology ·Vol. 3 ·2012-00-00 ·Pages 371

Russ BE, Denton AE, Hatton L, Croom H, Olson MR, Turner SJ

Abstract

A cardinal feature of adaptive, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity is the ability of naïve CTLs to undergo a program of differentiation and proliferation upon activation resulting in the acquisition of lineage-specific T cell functions and eventual establishment of immunological memory. In this review, we examine the molecular factors that shape both the acquisition and maintenance of lineage-specific effector function in virus-specific CTL during both the effector and memory phases of immunity.

Keywords
cytotoxic T cells epigenetics histone modifications memory T cells transcription factors
Authors & Affiliations
6 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Russ Brendan E
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia.
Denton Alice E
Hatton Lauren
Croom Hayley
Olson Matthew R
Turner Stephen J
References (104)
104 references, click to expand
  1. Control of effector CD8+ T cell function by the transcription factor Eomesodermin.
    Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1041-3 PMID: 14605368
  2. Combinatorial patterns of histone acetylations and methylations in the human genome.
    Nat Genet. 2008 Jul;40(7):897-903 PMID: 18552846
  3. Nucleosome remodeling by the human SWI/SNF complex requires transient global disruption of histone-DNA interactions.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Jun;22(11):3653-62 PMID: 11997502
  4. Runx3 and T-box proteins cooperate to establish the transcriptional program of effector CTLs.
    J Exp Med. 2009 Jan 16;206(1):51-9 PMID: 19139168
  5. Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor.
    Cell. 1999 Mar 19;96(6):857-68 PMID: 10102273
  6. Cutting edge: The transcription factor eomesodermin enables CD8+ T cells to compete for the memory cell niche.
    J Immunol. 2010 Nov 1;185(9):4988-92 PMID: 20935204
  7. Inflammatory chemokine receptors regulate CD8(+) T cell contraction and memory generation following infection.
    J Exp Med. 2011 Aug 1;208(8):1621-34 PMID: 21788409
  8. Methylation of histone H3 Lys 4 in coding regions of active genes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8695-700 PMID: 12060701
  9. Chromatin modifications and their function.
    Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):693-705 PMID: 17320507
  10. Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 May;10(5):524-30 PMID: 19305395
  11. Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue.
    Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2413-7 PMID: 11264538
  12. Minimal activation of memory CD8+ T cell by tissue-derived dendritic cells favors the stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2007 Oct;8(10):1060-6 PMID: 17767161
  13. Three distinct IL-2 signaling pathways mediated by bcl-2, c-myc, and lck cooperate in hematopoietic cell proliferation.
    Cell. 1995 Apr 21;81(2):223-31 PMID: 7736574
  14. Autocrine IL-2 is required for secondary population expansion of CD8(+) memory T cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2011 Jul 31;12(9):908-13 PMID: 21804558
  15. Differentiation and persistence of memory CD8(+) T cells depend on T cell factor 1.
    Immunity. 2010 Aug 27;33(2):229-40 PMID: 20727791
  16. Hierarchies in cytokine expression profiles for acute and resolving influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses: correlation of cytokine profile and TCR avidity.
    J Immunol. 2004 May 1;172(9):5553-60 PMID: 15100298
  17. Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions.
    Nature. 1999 Oct 14;401(6754):708-12 PMID: 10537110
  18. The transcriptional regulators Id2 and Id3 control the formation of distinct memory CD8+ T cell subsets.
    Nat Immunol. 2011 Nov 06;12(12):1221-9 PMID: 22057289
  19. Molecular and functional profiling of memory CD8 T cell differentiation.
    Cell. 2002 Dec 13;111(6):837-51 PMID: 12526810
  20. Complete but curtailed T-cell response to very low-affinity antigen.
    Nature. 2009 Mar 12;458(7235):211-4 PMID: 19182777
  21. An epigenetic view of helper T cell differentiation.
    Nat Immunol. 2003 Jul;4(7):616-23 PMID: 12830136
  22. Functional differences between memory and naive CD8 T cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):2976-81 PMID: 10077622
  23. Repression of the DNA-binding inhibitor Id3 by Blimp-1 limits the formation of memory CD8+ T cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2011 Nov 06;12(12):1230-7 PMID: 22057288
  24. Response of naïve and memory CD8+ T cells to antigen stimulation in vivo.
    Nat Immunol. 2000 Jul;1(1):47-53 PMID: 10881174
  25. Gene regulation and chromatin remodeling by IL-12 and type I IFN in programming for CD8 T cell effector function and memory.
    J Immunol. 2009 Aug 1;183(3):1695-704 PMID: 19592655
  26. ChIP-seq: advantages and challenges of a maturing technology.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Oct;10(10):669-80 PMID: 19736561
  27. Cutting Edge: IL-12 inversely regulates T-bet and eomesodermin expression during pathogen-induced CD8+ T cell differentiation.
    J Immunol. 2006 Dec 1;177(11):7515-9 PMID: 17114419
  28. Rapid production of TNF-alpha following TCR engagement of naive CD8 T cells.
    J Immunol. 2005 Oct 15;175(8):5043-9 PMID: 16210607
  29. Cutting edge: chromatin remodeling as a molecular basis for the enhanced functionality of memory CD8 T cells.
    J Immunol. 2008 Jul 15;181(2):865-8 PMID: 18606637
  30. Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8(+) T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor.
    Immunity. 2007 Aug;27(2):281-95 PMID: 17723218
  31. IL-21 deficiency influences CD8 T cell quality and recall responses following an acute viral infection.
    J Immunol. 2010 Oct 15;185(8):4835-45 PMID: 20844201
  32. Differentiation of naive CTL to effector and memory CTL: correlation of effector function with phenotype and cell division.
    J Immunol. 1998 Nov 15;161(10):5338-46 PMID: 9820507
  33. Effector and memory CD8+ T cell fate coupled by T-bet and eomesodermin.
    Nat Immunol. 2005 Dec;6(12):1236-44 PMID: 16273099
  34. Differentiation-dependent functional and epigenetic landscapes for cytokine genes in virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 13;108(37):15306-11 PMID: 21876173
  35. Antigen-driven effector CD8 T cell function regulated by T-bet.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15818-23 PMID: 14673093
  36. Location rather than CD62L phenotype is critical in the early establishment of influenza-specific CD8+ T cell memory.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 5;104(23):9782-7 PMID: 17522251
  37. Heterogeneity of effector phenotype for acute phase and memory influenza A virus-specific CTL.
    J Immunol. 2007 Jul 1;179(1):64-70 PMID: 17579022
  38. Rapid effector function in CD8+ memory T cells.
    J Exp Med. 1997 Sep 15;186(6):859-65 PMID: 9294140
  39. Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Nov;12(11):749-61 PMID: 23080391
  40. Design and analysis of ChIP-seq experiments for DNA-binding proteins.
    Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Dec;26(12):1351-9 PMID: 19029915
  41. A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells.
    Cell. 2006 Apr 21;125(2):315-26 PMID: 16630819
  42. CD8 single-cell gene coexpression reveals three different effector types present at distinct phases of the immune response.
    J Exp Med. 2007 May 14;204(5):1193-205 PMID: 17485515
  43. Role of T-bet in commitment of TH1 cells before IL-12-dependent selection.
    Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1907-10 PMID: 11397944
  44. Cell cycle-related acquisition of cytotoxic mediators defines the progressive differentiation to effector status for virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
    J Immunol. 2008 Sep 15;181(6):3818-22 PMID: 18768835
  45. Transcription factor Foxo1 represses T-bet-mediated effector functions and promotes memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation.
    Immunity. 2012 Mar 23;36(3):374-87 PMID: 22425248
  46. CD8 T cell clonal expansion and development of effector function require prolonged exposure to antigen, costimulation, and signal 3 cytokine.
    J Immunol. 2003 Nov 15;171(10):5165-71 PMID: 14607916
  47. Transcription factor FOXO3a controls the persistence of memory CD4(+) T cells during HIV infection.
    Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):266-74 PMID: 18311149
  48. Genome-wide analysis of histone methylation reveals chromatin state-based regulation of gene transcription and function of memory CD8+ T cells.
    Immunity. 2009 Jun 19;30(6):912-25 PMID: 19523850
  49. An interleukin-21-interleukin-10-STAT3 pathway is critical for functional maturation of memory CD8+ T cells.
    Immunity. 2011 Nov 23;35(5):792-805 PMID: 22118527
  50. Interplay between chromatin remodeling and epigenetic changes during lineage-specific commitment to granzyme B expression.
    J Immunol. 2009 Dec 1;183(11):7063-72 PMID: 19915065
  51. Selective expression of the interleukin 7 receptor identifies effector CD8 T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2003 Dec;4(12):1191-8 PMID: 14625547
  52. Cutting edge: persistently open chromatin at effector gene loci in resting memory CD8+ T cells independent of transcriptional status.
    J Immunol. 2011 Mar 1;186(5):2705-9 PMID: 21278341
  53. RNA polymerase is poised for activation across the genome.
    Nat Genet. 2007 Dec;39(12):1507-11 PMID: 17994021
  54. Measuring the diaspora for virus-specific CD8+ T cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 22;98(11):6313-8 PMID: 11344265
  55. Interleukin-2 and inflammation induce distinct transcriptional programs that promote the differentiation of effector cytolytic T cells.
    Immunity. 2010 Jan 29;32(1):79-90 PMID: 20096607
  56. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of T helper cell specification: molecular mechanisms underlying commitment and plasticity.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:707-31 PMID: 22224760
  57. High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome.
    Cell. 2007 May 18;129(4):823-37 PMID: 17512414
  58. Requirement for T-bet in the aberrant differentiation of unhelped memory CD8+ T cells.
    J Exp Med. 2007 Sep 3;204(9):2015-21 PMID: 17698591
  59. Histone acetylation facilitates rapid and robust memory CD8 T cell response through differential expression of effector molecules (eomesodermin and its targets: perforin and granzyme B).
    J Immunol. 2008 Jun 15;180(12):8102-8 PMID: 18523274
  60. Cutting edge: local recall responses by memory T cells newly recruited to peripheral nonlymphoid tissues.
    J Immunol. 2008 Nov 1;181(9):5837-41 PMID: 18941171
  61. Transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 promotes CD8(+) T cell terminal differentiation and represses the acquisition of central memory T cell properties.
    Immunity. 2009 Aug 21;31(2):296-308 PMID: 19664941
  62. Initial T cell receptor transgenic cell precursor frequency dictates critical aspects of the CD8(+) T cell response to infection.
    Immunity. 2007 Jun;26(6):827-41 PMID: 17555991
  63. Structure of HP1 chromodomain bound to a lysine 9-methylated histone H3 tail.
    Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2080-3 PMID: 11859155
  64. IL-2 regulates perforin and granzyme gene expression in CD8+ T cells independently of its effects on survival and proliferation.
    J Immunol. 2005 Dec 15;175(12):8003-10 PMID: 16339537
  65. Dendritic cell subsets in primary and secondary T cell responses at body surfaces.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Dec;10(12):1237-44 PMID: 19915624
  66. Dynamic transformations of genome-wide epigenetic marking and transcriptional control establish T cell identity.
    Cell. 2012 Apr 13;149(2):467-82 PMID: 22500808
  67. Distinct and predictive chromatin signatures of transcriptional promoters and enhancers in the human genome.
    Nat Genet. 2007 Mar;39(3):311-8 PMID: 17277777
  68. Convergence of TCR and cytokine signaling leads to FOXO3a phosphorylation and drives the survival of CD4+ central memory T cells.
    J Exp Med. 2007 Jan 22;204(1):79-91 PMID: 17190839
  69. Transcription regulation by histone methylation: interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tails.
    Genes Dev. 2001 Sep 15;15(18):2343-60 PMID: 11562345
  70. Duration of the initial TCR stimulus controls the magnitude but not functionality of the CD8+ T cell response.
    J Exp Med. 2006 Sep 4;203(9):2135-43 PMID: 16908626
  71. Signal 3 determines tolerance versus full activation of naive CD8 T cells: dissociating proliferation and development of effector function.
    J Exp Med. 2003 May 5;197(9):1141-51 PMID: 12732656
  72. The language of covalent histone modifications.
    Nature. 2000 Jan 6;403(6765):41-5 PMID: 10638745
  73. Blimp-1 transcription factor is required for the differentiation of effector CD8(+) T cells and memory responses.
    Immunity. 2009 Aug 21;31(2):283-95 PMID: 19664942
  74. Feedback regulation of pathogen-specific T cell priming.
    Immunity. 2003 Apr;18(4):499-511 PMID: 12705853
  75. Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice.
    Nature. 1994 May 5;369(6475):31-7 PMID: 8164737
  76. Early establishment of diverse T cell receptor profiles for influenza-specific CD8(+)CD62L(hi) memory T cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jun 13;103(24):9184-9 PMID: 16754852
  77. Cutting edge: antigen-independent CD8 T cell proliferation.
    J Immunol. 2001 May 15;166(10):5864-8 PMID: 11342598
  78. Accelerated CD8+ T-cell memory and prime-boost response after dendritic-cell vaccination.
    Nat Med. 2005 Jul;11(7):748-56 PMID: 15951824
  79. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment.
    Cell. 2000 Mar 17;100(6):655-69 PMID: 10761931
  80. Transcriptional regulator Id2 mediates CD8+ T cell immunity.
    Nat Immunol. 2006 Dec;7(12):1317-25 PMID: 17086188
  81. Blimp-1 is required for the formation of immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells and pre-plasma memory B cells.
    Immunity. 2003 Oct;19(4):607-20 PMID: 14563324
  82. Epigenetic remodeling of the IL-2 and IFN-gamma loci in memory CD8 T cells is influenced by CD4 T cells.
    J Immunol. 2006 Jul 15;177(2):1062-9 PMID: 16818762
  83. Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets.
    Nat Immunol. 2003 Mar;4(3):225-34 PMID: 12563257
  84. Activation, differentiation, and migration of naive virus-specific CD8+ T cells during pulmonary influenza virus infection.
    J Immunol. 2004 Jul 15;173(2):1209-18 PMID: 15240712
  85. Epidermal viral immunity induced by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells but not by Langerhans cells.
    Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1925-8 PMID: 14512632
  86. Distinct effects of T-bet in TH1 lineage commitment and IFN-gamma production in CD4 and CD8 T cells.
    Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):338-42 PMID: 11786644
  87. Initial T cell frequency dictates memory CD8+ T cell lineage commitment.
    Nat Immunol. 2005 Aug;6(8):793-9 PMID: 16025119
  88. Genomic maps and comparative analysis of histone modifications in human and mouse.
    Cell. 2005 Jan 28;120(2):169-81 PMID: 15680324
  89. Chromatin signatures in multipotent human hematopoietic stem cells indicate the fate of bivalent genes during differentiation.
    Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jan 9;4(1):80-93 PMID: 19128795
  90. Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Apr;2(4):251-62 PMID: 12001996
  91. Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:745-63 PMID: 15032595
  92. Histone acetylation: influence on transcription, nucleosome mobility and positioning, and linker histone-dependent transcriptional repression.
    EMBO J. 1997 Apr 15;16(8):2096-107 PMID: 9155035
  93. Active genes are tri-methylated at K4 of histone H3.
    Nature. 2002 Sep 26;419(6905):407-11 PMID: 12353038
  94. Granzyme A expression reveals distinct cytolytic CTL subsets following influenza A virus infection.
    Eur J Immunol. 2009 May;39(5):1203-10 PMID: 19404988
  95. Dynamic programming of CD8+ T lymphocyte responses.
    Nat Immunol. 2003 Apr;4(4):361-5 PMID: 12640451
  96. Maturation-dependent licensing of naive T cells for rapid TNF production.
    PLoS One. 2010 Nov 24;5(11):e15038 PMID: 21124839
  97. Distinct migrating and nonmigrating dendritic cell populations are involved in MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation after lung infection with virus.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 8;101(23):8670-5 PMID: 15163797
  98. Poised RNA polymerase II gives pause for thought.
    Cell. 2008 May 16;133(4):581-4 PMID: 18485867
  99. Different patterns of peripheral migration by memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
    Nature. 2011 Aug 14;477(7363):216-9 PMID: 21841802
  100. Antigen-specific clonal expansion and cytolytic effector function of CD8+ T lymphocytes depend on the transcription factor Bcl11b.
    J Exp Med. 2010 Aug 2;207(8):1687-99 PMID: 20660613
  101. Memory CD8+ T cell differentiation: initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in naïve cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2001 May;2(5):415-22 PMID: 11323695
  102. Distinct epigenomic landscapes of pluripotent and lineage-committed human cells.
    Cell Stem Cell. 2010 May 7;6(5):479-91 PMID: 20452322
  103. Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:47-64 PMID: 11244030
  104. Long-lived epithelial immunity by tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in the absence of persisting local antigen presentation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 1;109(18):7037-42 PMID: 22509047
Article Info
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
Abbr.
Front Immunol
ISSN
1664-3224
Published
2012-00-00
Epub
2012-00-19
Pages
371
Language
English
Region
Switzerland
NLM ID
101560960
PMCID
PMC3525900
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com