Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 22549953 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Links between metabolism and cancer.

Genes & development ·Vol. 26 ·No. 9 ·2012-05-01 ·Pages 877-90

Dang CV

Abstract

Metabolism generates oxygen radicals, which contribute to oncogenic mutations. Activated oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressors in turn alter metabolism and induce aerobic glycolysis. Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect links the high rate of glucose fermentation to cancer. Together with glutamine, glucose via glycolysis provides the carbon skeletons, NADPH, and ATP to build new cancer cells, which persist in hypoxia that in turn rewires metabolic pathways for cell growth and survival. Excessive caloric intake is associated with an increased risk for cancers, while caloric restriction is protective, perhaps through clearance of mitochondria or mitophagy, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Hence, the links between metabolism and cancer are multifaceted, spanning from the low incidence of cancer in large mammals with low specific metabolic rates to altered cancer cell metabolism resulting from mutated enzymes or cancer genes.

MeSH Terms
Animals Cell Proliferation Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Genes, Tumor Suppressor Humans Neoplasms/drug therapy,genetics,metabolism Oncogenes Signal Transduction Tumor Microenvironment
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Dang Chi V
Abramson Cancer Center, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. dangvchi@upenn.edu
References (136)
136 references, click to expand
  1. HIF-alpha effects on c-Myc distinguish two subtypes of sporadic VHL-deficient clear cell renal carcinoma.
    Cancer Cell. 2008 Dec 9;14(6):435-46 PMID: 19061835
  2. Leukemic IDH1 and IDH2 mutations result in a hypermethylation phenotype, disrupt TET2 function, and impair hematopoietic differentiation.
    Cancer Cell. 2010 Dec 14;18(6):553-67 PMID: 21130701
  3. Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Nov 24;11(12):886-95 PMID: 22113164
  4. The key role of anaplerosis and cataplerosis for citric acid cycle function.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 23;277(34):30409-12 PMID: 12087111
  5. Identification of small molecule inhibitors of pyruvate kinase M2.
    Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Apr 15;79(8):1118-24 PMID: 20005212
  6. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C promotes cell survival and tumor growth under conditions of metabolic stress.
    Genes Dev. 2011 May 15;25(10):1041-51 PMID: 21576264
  7. Importin 7 and exportin 1 link c-Myc and p53 to regulation of ribosomal biogenesis.
    Mol Cell. 2012 Jan 27;45(2):222-32 PMID: 22284678
  8. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys.
    Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):201-4 PMID: 19590001
  9. Cancer cells metabolically "fertilize" the tumor microenvironment with hydrogen peroxide, driving the Warburg effect: implications for PET imaging of human tumors.
    Cell Cycle. 2011 Aug 1;10(15):2504-20 PMID: 21778829
  10. Why don't all whales have cancer? A novel hypothesis resolving Peto's paradox.
    Integr Comp Biol. 2007 Aug;47(2):317-28 PMID: 21672841
  11. p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration.
    Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1650-3 PMID: 16728594
  12. Q's next: the diverse functions of glutamine in metabolism, cell biology and cancer.
    Oncogene. 2010 Jan 21;29(3):313-24 PMID: 19881548
  13. Heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in normal and tumour cells.
    Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):610-4 PMID: 20200521
  14. Functional metabolic screen identifies 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 as an important regulator of prostate cancer cell survival.
    Cancer Discov. 2012 Apr;2(4):328-43 PMID: 22576210
  15. Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics.
    Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1349-54 PMID: 21127246
  16. Connecting threads: epigenetics and metabolism.
    Cell. 2012 Jan 20;148(1-2):24-8 PMID: 22265398
  17. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling.
    Cell Signal. 2012 May;24(5):981-90 PMID: 22286106
  18. Targeting mitochondrial glutaminase activity inhibits oncogenic transformation.
    Cancer Cell. 2010 Sep 14;18(3):207-19 PMID: 20832749
  19. Fatty acid synthase inhibition triggers apoptosis during S phase in human cancer cells.
    Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;63(21):7330-7 PMID: 14612531
  20. Autophagy and metabolism.
    Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1344-8 PMID: 21127245
  21. Hypoxia and energetic tumour metabolism.
    Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011 Feb;21(1):67-72 PMID: 21074987
  22. Autophagy and aging.
    Cell. 2011 Sep 2;146(5):682-95 PMID: 21884931
  23. Cancer cell metabolism: Warburg and beyond.
    Cell. 2008 Sep 5;134(5):703-7 PMID: 18775299
  24. Mechanisms of mitophagy.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):9-14 PMID: 21179058
  25. Cancer-associated metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate accumulates in acute myelogenous leukemia with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations.
    J Exp Med. 2010 Feb 15;207(2):339-44 PMID: 20142433
  26. Night work and risk of breast cancer.
    Epidemiology. 2006 Jan;17(1):108-11 PMID: 16357603
  27. MYC as a regulator of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Apr;10(4):301-9 PMID: 20332779
  28. Regulation of intermediary metabolism by protein acetylation.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 2011 Feb;36(2):108-16 PMID: 20934340
  29. Metabolic flux and the regulation of mammalian cell growth.
    Cell Metab. 2011 Oct 5;14(4):443-51 PMID: 21982705
  30. Targeting hypoxic tumor cell viability with carbohydrate-based carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors.
    J Med Chem. 2011 Oct 13;54(19):6905-18 PMID: 21851094
  31. Principles and current strategies for targeting autophagy for cancer treatment.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Feb 15;17(4):654-66 PMID: 21325294
  32. Cell-type independent MYC target genes reveal a primordial signature involved in biomass accumulation.
    PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26057 PMID: 22039435
  33. Reductive glutamine metabolism by IDH1 mediates lipogenesis under hypoxia.
    Nature. 2011 Nov 20;481(7381):380-4 PMID: 22101433
  34. Using a functional enzyme model to understand the chemistry behind hydrogen sulfide induced hibernation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22090-5 PMID: 20007376
  35. Restriction of DNA replication to the reductive phase of the metabolic cycle protects genome integrity.
    Science. 2007 Jun 29;316(5833):1916-9 PMID: 17600220
  36. Identification of a CpG island methylator phenotype that defines a distinct subgroup of glioma.
    Cancer Cell. 2010 May 18;17(5):510-22 PMID: 20399149
  37. Yeast cells can access distinct quiescent states.
    Genes Dev. 2011 Feb 15;25(4):336-49 PMID: 21289062
  38. Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species.
    J Cell Biol. 2011 Jul 11;194(1):7-15 PMID: 21746850
  39. Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep.
    Nature. 2005 Oct 27;437(7063):1264-71 PMID: 16251951
  40. Targeting cancer metabolism--aiming at a tumour's sweet-spot.
    Drug Discov Today. 2012 Mar;17(5-6):232-41 PMID: 22207221
  41. Akt stimulates aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells.
    Cancer Res. 2004 Jun 1;64(11):3892-9 PMID: 15172999
  42. HIF1α and HIF2α: sibling rivalry in hypoxic tumour growth and progression.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Dec 15;12(1):9-22 PMID: 22169972
  43. Cloning of mid-G1 serum response genes and identification of a subset regulated by conditional myc expression.
    Mol Biol Cell. 1994 Mar;5(3):375-88 PMID: 8049528
  44. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme.
    Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1807-12 PMID: 18772396
  45. Case-control study of shift-work and breast cancer risk in Danish nurses: impact of shift systems.
    Eur J Cancer. 2012 Jul;48(11):1722-9 PMID: 21852111
  46. Somatic mutations of the mitochondrial genome in human colorectal tumours.
    Nat Genet. 1998 Nov;20(3):291-3 PMID: 9806551
  47. Ras enhances Myc protein stability.
    Mol Cell. 1999 Feb;3(2):169-79 PMID: 10078200
  48. The energetics of mammalian cell growth.
    J Cell Sci. 1969 May;4(3):645-54 PMID: 5817088
  49. The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits histone lysine demethylases.
    EMBO Rep. 2011 May;12(5):463-9 PMID: 21460794
  50. Myc stimulates nuclearly encoded mitochondrial genes and mitochondrial biogenesis.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;25(14):6225-34 PMID: 15988031
  51. PI3K-targeted therapy can be evaded by gene amplification along the MYC-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) axis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 13;108(37):E699-708 PMID: 21876152
  52. Metformin and cancer therapy.
    Curr Opin Oncol. 2012 Jan;24(1):103-8 PMID: 22123231
  53. Expression of a set of growth-related immediate early genes in BALB/c 3T3 cells: coordinate regulation with c-fos or c-myc.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Mar;84(5):1182-6 PMID: 3469660
  54. Protein kinase A and TORC1 activate genes for ribosomal biogenesis by inactivating repressors encoded by Dot6 and its homolog Tod6.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 24;106(47):19928-33 PMID: 19901341
  55. Dynamic FoxO transcription factors.
    J Cell Sci. 2007 Aug 1;120(Pt 15):2479-87 PMID: 17646672
  56. Akt-dependent transformation: there is more to growth than just surviving.
    Oncogene. 2005 Nov 14;24(50):7435-42 PMID: 16288290
  57. Annual lipid cycles in hibernators: integration of physiology and behavior.
    Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:469-97 PMID: 16011475
  58. An extended Myc network contributes to glucose homeostasis in cancer and diabetes.
    Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2011 Jun 01;16:2206-23 PMID: 21622171
  59. Immune microenvironments in solid tumors: new targets for therapy.
    Genes Dev. 2011 Dec 15;25(24):2559-72 PMID: 22190457
  60. Calories and carcinogenesis: lessons learned from 30 years of calorie restriction research.
    Carcinogenesis. 2010 Jan;31(1):83-9 PMID: 19969554
  61. Common scale-invariant patterns of sleep-wake transitions across mammalian species.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 14;101(50):17545-8 PMID: 15583127
  62. Activation by c-Myc of transcription by RNA polymerases I, II and III.
    Biochem Soc Symp. 2006;(73):141-54 PMID: 16626295
  63. c-Myc activates multiple metabolic networks to generate substrates for cell-cycle entry.
    Oncogene. 2009 Jul 9;28(27):2485-91 PMID: 19448666
  64. Peto's Paradox: evolution's prescription for cancer prevention.
    Trends Ecol Evol. 2011 Apr;26(4):175-82 PMID: 21296451
  65. Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate.
    Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):739-44 PMID: 19935646
  66. The Ribosomal Protein-Mdm2-p53 Pathway and Energy Metabolism: Bridging the Gap between Feast and Famine.
    Genes Cancer. 2011 Apr;2(4):392-403 PMID: 21779508
  67. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase diverts glycolytic flux and contributes to oncogenesis.
    Nat Genet. 2011 Jul 31;43(9):869-74 PMID: 21804546
  68. Glucose-independent glutamine metabolism via TCA cycling for proliferation and survival in B cells.
    Cell Metab. 2012 Jan 4;15(1):110-21 PMID: 22225880
  69. Suppression of Myc oncogenic activity by ribosomal protein haploinsufficiency.
    Nature. 2008 Dec 18;456(7224):971-5 PMID: 19011615
  70. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation.
    Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1029-33 PMID: 19460998
  71. Targeting lactate-fueled respiration selectively kills hypoxic tumor cells in mice.
    J Clin Invest. 2008 Dec;118(12):3930-42 PMID: 19033663
  72. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine.
    Cell. 2012 Feb 3;148(3):399-408 PMID: 22304911
  73. The control of the metabolic switch in cancers by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
    Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1340-4 PMID: 21127244
  74. HIF-1: upstream and downstream of cancer metabolism.
    Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2010 Feb;20(1):51-6 PMID: 19942427
  75. Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction.
    Nature. 2009 Apr 9;458(7239):725-31 PMID: 19279572
  76. Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses.
    Science. 2011 Dec 2;334(6060):1278-83 PMID: 22052977
  77. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway couples growth factor-induced glutamine uptake to glucose metabolism.
    Genes Dev. 2010 Dec 15;24(24):2784-99 PMID: 21106670
  78. Succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate hydratase: linking mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer.
    Oncogene. 2006 Aug 7;25(34):4675-82 PMID: 16892081
  79. Myc regulates a transcriptional program that stimulates mitochondrial glutaminolysis and leads to glutamine addiction.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 2;105(48):18782-7 PMID: 19033189
  80. The metabolic profile of tumors depends on both the responsible genetic lesion and tissue type.
    Cell Metab. 2012 Feb 8;15(2):157-70 PMID: 22326218
  81. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Feb;11(2):85-95 PMID: 21258394
  82. Regulation of glucose metabolism by 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases in cancer.
    Exp Mol Pathol. 2009 Jun;86(3):174-9 PMID: 19454274
  83. Glutamine-dependent anapleurosis dictates glucose uptake and cell growth by regulating MondoA transcriptional activity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 1;106(35):14878-83 PMID: 19706488
  84. p53: exercise capacity and metabolism.
    Curr Opin Oncol. 2012 Jan;24(1):76-82 PMID: 22123233
  85. Metabolic cycling in single yeast cells from unsynchronized steady-state populations limited on glucose or phosphate.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 13;107(15):6946-51 PMID: 20335538
  86. An ARF-independent c-MYC-activated tumor suppression pathway mediated by ribosomal protein-Mdm2 Interaction.
    Cancer Cell. 2010 Sep 14;18(3):231-43 PMID: 20832751
  87. Autophagy in the cellular energetic balance.
    Cell Metab. 2011 May 4;13(5):495-504 PMID: 21531332
  88. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Sep 02;13(9):1016-23 PMID: 21892142
  89. Regulation of cellular metabolism by protein lysine acetylation.
    Science. 2010 Feb 19;327(5968):1000-4 PMID: 20167786
  90. Phosphate-activated glutaminase (GLS2), a p53-inducible regulator of glutamine metabolism and reactive oxygen species.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 20;107(16):7461-6 PMID: 20351271
  91. mtDNA mutations increase tumorigenicity in prostate cancer.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 18;102(3):719-24 PMID: 15647368
  92. A role for E2F activities in determining the fate of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Sep;5(9):e1000640 PMID: 19749980
  93. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases.
    Cancer Cell. 2011 Jan 18;19(1):17-30 PMID: 21251613
  94. Global mapping of c-Myc binding sites and target gene networks in human B cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):17834-9 PMID: 17093053
  95. Reductive carboxylation supports growth in tumour cells with defective mitochondria.
    Nature. 2011 Nov 20;481(7381):385-8 PMID: 22101431
  96. The c-Myc target gene network.
    Semin Cancer Biol. 2006 Aug;16(4):253-64 PMID: 16904903
  97. Calorie restriction and cancer prevention: metabolic and molecular mechanisms.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010 Feb;31(2):89-98 PMID: 20097433
  98. Evaluation of thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole[3,2-d]pyridazinones as activators of the tumor cell specific M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase.
    Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jun 1;20(11):3387-93 PMID: 20451379
  99. p53 and metabolism.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):691-700 PMID: 19759539
  100. FOXO3a regulates reactive oxygen metabolism by inhibiting mitochondrial gene expression.
    Cell Death Differ. 2012 Jun;19(6):968-79 PMID: 22139133
  101. Quantifying reductive carboxylation flux of glutamine to lipid in a brown adipocyte cell line.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 25;283(30):20621-7 PMID: 18364355
  102. Targeting cancer metabolism: a therapeutic window opens.
    Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011 Aug 31;10(9):671-84 PMID: 21878982
  103. Metabolic cycling without cell division cycling in respiring yeast.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 22;108(47):19090-5 PMID: 22065748
  104. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35 PMID: 21157483
  105. Mitochondrial localization and structure-based phosphate activation mechanism of Glutaminase C with implications for cancer metabolism.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 24;109(4):1092-7 PMID: 22228304
  106. Rethinking the Warburg effect with Myc micromanaging glutamine metabolism.
    Cancer Res. 2010 Feb 1;70(3):859-62 PMID: 20086171
  107. c-myc transactivates the ornithine decarboxylase gene.
    Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;182:445-52 PMID: 1490383
  108. Otto Warburg's contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 May;11(5):325-37 PMID: 21508971
  109. Genetic and functional studies implicate HIF1α as a 14q kidney cancer suppressor gene.
    Cancer Discov. 2011 Aug;1(3):222-35 PMID: 22037472
  110. Spatial heterogeneity and oxygen dependence of glucose consumption in R3230Ac and fibrosarcomas of the Fischer 344 rat.
    Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 15;65(12):5163-71 PMID: 15958560
  111. Glutaminase 2, a novel p53 target gene regulating energy metabolism and antioxidant function.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 20;107(16):7455-60 PMID: 20378837
  112. HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: a metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia.
    Cell Metab. 2006 Mar;3(3):177-85 PMID: 16517405
  113. Functional genomics reveal that the serine synthesis pathway is essential in breast cancer.
    Nature. 2011 Aug 18;476(7360):346-50 PMID: 21760589
  114. A quantitative theory of solid tumor growth, metabolic rate and vascularization.
    PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e22973 PMID: 21980335
  115. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A induces oxidative stress and inhibits tumor progression.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2;107(5):2037-42 PMID: 20133848
  116. Oncogenic PIK3CA-driven mammary tumors frequently recur via PI3K pathway-dependent and PI3K pathway-independent mechanisms.
    Nat Med. 2011 Aug 07;17(9):1116-20 PMID: 21822287
  117. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and dysregulated c-Myc cooperatively induce vascular endothelial growth factor and metabolic switches hexokinase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Nov;27(21):7381-93 PMID: 17785433
  118. Pharmacologic inhibition of fatty acid oxidation sensitizes human leukemia cells to apoptosis induction.
    J Clin Invest. 2010 Jan;120(1):142-56 PMID: 20038799
  119. Full-length human glutaminase in complex with an allosteric inhibitor.
    Biochemistry. 2011 Dec 20;50(50):10764-70 PMID: 22049910
  120. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas.
    N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 19;360(8):765-73 PMID: 19228619
  121. Myc requires distinct E2F activities to induce S phase and apoptosis.
    Mol Cell. 2001 Jul;8(1):105-13 PMID: 11511364
  122. Hypoxia promotes isocitrate dehydrogenase-dependent carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to citrate to support cell growth and viability.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 6;108(49):19611-6 PMID: 22106302
  123. Fatty acid synthesis: a potential selective target for antineoplastic therapy.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 5;91(14):6379-83 PMID: 8022791
  124. Metabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):886-96 PMID: 19935677
  125. Combinatorial regulation of neuroblastoma tumor progression by N-Myc and hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1alpha.
    Cancer Res. 2010 Dec 15;70(24):10351-61 PMID: 20961996
  126. c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mitochondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism.
    Nature. 2009 Apr 9;458(7239):762-5 PMID: 19219026
  127. TIGAR, a p53-inducible regulator of glycolysis and apoptosis.
    Cell. 2006 Jul 14;126(1):107-20 PMID: 16839880
  128. Role of HIF-1alpha in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis.
    Nature. 1998 Jul 30;394(6692):485-90 PMID: 9697772
  129. c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: implications for tumor metabolism and growth.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6658-63 PMID: 9192621
  130. The impact of O2 availability on human cancer.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Dec;8(12):967-75 PMID: 18987634
  131. The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation.
    Immunity. 2011 Dec 23;35(6):871-82 PMID: 22195744
  132. Glycine decarboxylase activity drives non-small cell lung cancer tumor-initiating cells and tumorigenesis.
    Cell. 2012 Jan 20;148(1-2):259-72 PMID: 22225612
  133. Scaling of number, size, and metabolic rate of cells with body size in mammals.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 13;104(11):4718-23 PMID: 17360590
  134. On the origin of cancer cells.
    Science. 1956 Feb 24;123(3191):309-14 PMID: 13298683
  135. 13C-pyruvate imaging reveals alterations in glycolysis that precede c-Myc-induced tumor formation and regression.
    Cell Metab. 2011 Jul 6;14(1):131-42 PMID: 21723511
  136. HIF-2alpha promotes hypoxic cell proliferation by enhancing c-myc transcriptional activity.
    Cancer Cell. 2007 Apr;11(4):335-47 PMID: 17418410
Article Info
Journal
Genes & development
Abbr.
Genes Dev
ISSN
1549-5477
DOI
10.1101/gad.189365.112
Email
dangvchi@upenn.edu
Published
2012-05-01
Pages
877-90
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8711660
PMCID
PMC3347786
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1101/gad.189365.112 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2