Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 21029957 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

From vaccines to memory and back.

Immunity ·Vol. 33 ·No. 4 ·2010-10-29 ·Pages 451-63

Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A, Araki K, Ahmed R

Abstract

Vaccines work by eliciting an immune response and consequent immunological memory that mediates protection from infection or disease. Recently, new methods have been developed to dissect the immune response in experimental animals and humans, which have led to increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control differentiation and maintenance of memory T and B cells. In this review we will provide an overview of the cellular organization of immune memory and underline some of the outstanding questions on immunological memory and how they pertain to vaccination strategies. Finally we will discuss how we can learn about antigen design from the interrogation of our memory T and B cells-a journey from vaccines to memory and back.

MeSH Terms
Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification B-Lymphocytes/immunology Cell Differentiation Drug Design Humans Immunity Immunologic Memory T-Lymphocytes/immunology Vaccination Vaccines/immunology
Chemicals
Antibodies, Monoclonal Vaccines
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Sallusto Federica
Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. federica.sallusto@irb.unisi.ch
Lanzavecchia Antonio
Araki Koichi
Ahmed Rafi
References (149)
149 references, click to expand
  1. Dynamic T cell migration program provides resident memory within intestinal epithelium.
    J Exp Med. 2010 Mar 15;207(3):553-64 PMID: 20156972
  2. Transcriptional analysis of the B cell germinal center reaction.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2639-44 PMID: 12604779
  3. Plasma-cell homing.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Oct;3(10):822-9 PMID: 14523388
  4. Transforming growth factor-beta 'reprograms' the differentiation of T helper 2 cells and promotes an interleukin 9-producing subset.
    Nat Immunol. 2008 Dec;9(12):1341-6 PMID: 18931678
  5. Lifetime of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
    Nature. 1997 Jul 10;388(6638):133-4 PMID: 9217150
  6. Class II-independent generation of CD4 memory T cells from effectors.
    Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1381-3 PMID: 10558997
  7. Enhancement of neutralizing activity of influenza virus-specific antibodies by serum components.
    Virology. 2006 Sep 1;352(2):418-26 PMID: 16777168
  8. Evasion of CD8+ T cells is critical for superinfection by cytomegalovirus.
    Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):102-6 PMID: 20360110
  9. Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection.
    Nature. 2006 Feb 9;439(7077):682-7 PMID: 16382236
  10. Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation.
    Science. 1996 Apr 5;272(5258):54-60 PMID: 8600537
  11. Follicular B helper T cells in antibody responses and autoimmunity.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Nov;5(11):853-65 PMID: 16261173
  12. Immunology. The origin of TH2 responses.
    Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1116-7 PMID: 20508120
  13. Redefining chronic viral infection.
    Cell. 2009 Jul 10;138(1):30-50 PMID: 19596234
  14. Flow cytometry and the future of vaccine development.
    Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009 Jun;8(6):779-89 PMID: 19485757
  15. T cells and viral persistence: lessons from diverse infections.
    Nat Immunol. 2005 Sep;6(9):873-9 PMID: 16116467
  16. Regulation of antibody responses via antibodies, complement, and Fc receptors.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2000;18:709-37 PMID: 10837073
  17. Decreased expression of Kruppel-like factors in memory B cells induces the rapid response typical of secondary antibody responses.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 14;104(33):13420-5 PMID: 17673551
  18. Gene expression profiling reveals a highly specialized genetic program of plasma cells.
    Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):4013-21 PMID: 12543863
  19. Dengue.
    Lancet. 2007 Nov 10;370(9599):1644-52 PMID: 17993365
  20. Progressive differentiation and selection of the fittest in the immune response.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Dec;2(12):982-7 PMID: 12461571
  21. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling.
    Nature. 2000 Feb 3;403(6769):503-11 PMID: 10676951
  22. Scientific barriers to developing vaccines against avian influenza viruses.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Apr;7(4):267-78 PMID: 17363960
  23. Resting human memory B cells are intrinsically programmed for enhanced survival and responsiveness to diverse stimuli compared to naive B cells.
    J Immunol. 2009 Jan 15;182(2):890-901 PMID: 19124732
  24. The confirmation and maintenance of smallpox eradication.
    N Engl J Med. 1980 Nov 27;303(22):1263-73 PMID: 6252467
  25. T-cell function and migration. Two sides of the same coin.
    N Engl J Med. 2000 Oct 5;343(14):1020-34 PMID: 11018170
  26. Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic.
    Nat Immunol. 2007 Nov;8(11):1188-93 PMID: 17952044
  27. Human naive and memory CD4+ T cell repertoires specific for naturally processed antigens analyzed using libraries of amplified T cells.
    J Exp Med. 2009 Jul 6;206(7):1525-34 PMID: 19564353
  28. One naive T cell, multiple fates in CD8+ T cell differentiation.
    J Exp Med. 2010 Jun 7;207(6):1235-46 PMID: 20479114
  29. mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation.
    Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):108-12 PMID: 19543266
  30. Establishing the follicular helper identity.
    Immunity. 2009 Sep 18;31(3):450-2 PMID: 19766087
  31. Rapid cloning of high-affinity human monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus.
    Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):667-71 PMID: 18449194
  32. Stimulation history dictates memory CD8 T cell phenotype: implications for prime-boost vaccination.
    J Immunol. 2006 Jul 15;177(2):831-9 PMID: 16818737
  33. The maintenance and regulation of the humoral immune response: persisting antigen and the role of follicular antigen-binding dendritic cells as accessory cells.
    Immunol Rev. 1980;53:175-201 PMID: 7009404
  34. Reversible microbial colonization of germ-free mice reveals the dynamics of IgA immune responses.
    Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1705-9 PMID: 20576892
  35. Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human memory B cells.
    Semin Immunol. 2008 Feb;20(1):67-82 PMID: 18258454
  36. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system.
    Science. 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):291-5 PMID: 20075244
  37. Heterogeneity and cell-fate decisions in effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation during viral infection.
    Immunity. 2007 Sep;27(3):393-405 PMID: 17892848
  38. Molecular and functional profiling of memory CD8 T cell differentiation.
    Cell. 2002 Dec 13;111(6):837-51 PMID: 12526810
  39. Mucosal T lymphocyte numbers are selectively reduced in integrin alpha E (CD103)-deficient mice.
    J Immunol. 1999 Jun 1;162(11):6641-9 PMID: 10352281
  40. Advances in tuberculosis vaccine strategies.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 Jun;4(6):469-76 PMID: 16710326
  41. Antibody recognition of a highly conserved influenza virus epitope.
    Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):246-51 PMID: 19251591
  42. Prospects for a dengue virus vaccine.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Jul;5(7):518-28 PMID: 17558424
  43. Competence and competition: the challenge of becoming a long-lived plasma cell.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Oct;6(10):741-50 PMID: 16977339
  44. Passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Sep;2(9):695-703 PMID: 15372080
  45. Cytotoxic T-cell memory without antigen.
    Nature. 1994 Jun 23;369(6482):648-52 PMID: 7516038
  46. Antibodies, viruses and vaccines.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Sep;2(9):706-13 PMID: 12209139
  47. Analysis of B cell memory formation using DNA microarrays.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Dec;975:33-45 PMID: 12538152
  48. Homeostasis of naive and memory T cells.
    Immunity. 2008 Dec 19;29(6):848-62 PMID: 19100699
  49. Peptide-based therapeutic vaccines for allergic and autoimmune diseases.
    Nat Med. 2005 Apr;11(4 Suppl):S69-76 PMID: 15812493
  50. An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis.
    Nature. 2010 Aug 19;466(7309):973-7 PMID: 20725040
  51. Broad diversity of neutralizing antibodies isolated from memory B cells in HIV-infected individuals.
    Nature. 2009 Apr 2;458(7238):636-40 PMID: 19287373
  52. Fcgamma receptors as regulators of immune responses.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jan;8(1):34-47 PMID: 18064051
  53. Systems biology approach predicts immunogenicity of the yellow fever vaccine in humans.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Jan;10(1):116-125 PMID: 19029902
  54. Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8(+) T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor.
    Immunity. 2007 Aug;27(2):281-95 PMID: 17723218
  55. B cells in HIV infection and disease.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Apr;9(4):235-45 PMID: 19319142
  56. Effector and memory CD8+ T cell fate coupled by T-bet and eomesodermin.
    Nat Immunol. 2005 Dec;6(12):1236-44 PMID: 16273099
  57. Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines: towards greater efficacy.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Jan;6(1):21-32 PMID: 16493425
  58. Wnt signaling arrests effector T cell differentiation and generates CD8+ memory stem cells.
    Nat Med. 2009 Jul;15(7):808-13 PMID: 19525962
  59. Cross-reacting antibodies enhance dengue virus infection in humans.
    Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):745-8 PMID: 20448183
  60. Ageing and life-long maintenance of T-cell subsets in the face of latent persistent infections.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jul;8(7):512-22 PMID: 18469829
  61. Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory T cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Aug;10(8):857-63 PMID: 19578369
  62. Population biology of lymphocytes: the flight for survival.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2000;18:83-111 PMID: 10837053
  63. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Jan;10(1):11-23 PMID: 20010788
  64. WNT signalling and haematopoiesis: a WNT-WNT situation.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Jan;5(1):21-30 PMID: 15630426
  65. PLC-gamma2 is essential for formation and maintenance of memory B cells.
    J Exp Med. 2009 Mar 16;206(3):681-9 PMID: 19273623
  66. Broad and potent neutralizing antibodies from an African donor reveal a new HIV-1 vaccine target.
    Science. 2009 Oct 9;326(5950):285-9 PMID: 19729618
  67. In vivo targeting of antigens to maturing dendritic cells via the DEC-205 receptor improves T cell vaccination.
    J Exp Med. 2004 Mar 15;199(6):815-24 PMID: 15024047
  68. Professional memory CD4+ T lymphocytes preferentially reside and rest in the bone marrow.
    Immunity. 2009 May;30(5):721-30 PMID: 19427242
  69. Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function.
    Nat Immunol. 2004 Feb;5(2):133-9 PMID: 14749784
  70. The microanatomy of B cell activation.
    Curr Opin Immunol. 2009 Jun;21(3):258-65 PMID: 19481917
  71. Immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease by synthetic long peptide vaccines.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 May;8(5):351-60 PMID: 18418403
  72. Isolation of human monoclonal antibodies that potently neutralize human cytomegalovirus infection by targeting different epitopes on the gH/gL/UL128-131A complex.
    J Virol. 2010 Jan;84(2):1005-13 PMID: 19889756
  73. A prescription for human immunology.
    Immunity. 2008 Dec 19;29(6):835-8 PMID: 19100694
  74. Toward an AIDS vaccine.
    Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):760-4 PMID: 18467582
  75. Integrin function in T-cell homing to lymphoid and nonlymphoid sites: getting there and staying there.
    Crit Rev Immunol. 2009;29(2):87-109 PMID: 19496742
  76. Identification of a human helper T cell population that has abundant production of interleukin 22 and is distinct from T(H)-17, T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Aug;10(8):864-71 PMID: 19578368
  77. Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain.
    mBio. 2010 May 18;1(1): PMID: 20689752
  78. Selective expression of the interleukin 7 receptor identifies effector CD8 T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2003 Dec;4(12):1191-8 PMID: 14625547
  79. Molecular signature of CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection.
    Immunity. 2007 Oct;27(4):670-84 PMID: 17950003
  80. Virus-specific CD8+ T-cell memory determined by clonal burst size.
    Nature. 1994 Jun 23;369(6482):652-4 PMID: 7516039
  81. Molecular footprints of a germinal center derivation of human IgM+(IgD+)CD27+ B cells and the dynamics of memory B cell generation.
    J Exp Med. 2009 Nov 23;206(12):2659-69 PMID: 19917772
  82. BCMA is essential for the survival of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells.
    J Exp Med. 2004 Jan 5;199(1):91-8 PMID: 14707116
  83. Assessing the immunopotency of Toll-like receptor agonists in an in vitro tissue-engineered immunological model.
    Immunology. 2010 Jul;130(3):374-87 PMID: 20331478
  84. An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus.
    Nat Med. 2004 Aug;10(8):871-5 PMID: 15247913
  85. A distinct subset of self-renewing human memory CD8+ T cells survives cytotoxic chemotherapy.
    Immunity. 2009 Nov 20;31(5):834-44 PMID: 19879163
  86. CD8(+) T lymphocyte mobilization to virus-infected tissue requires CD4(+) T-cell help.
    Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):510-3 PMID: 19898495
  87. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus.
    N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 21;344(25):1917-28 PMID: 11419430
  88. The mTOR kinase determines effector versus memory CD8+ T cell fate by regulating the expression of transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin.
    Immunity. 2010 Jan 29;32(1):67-78 PMID: 20060330
  89. Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells.
    Immunity. 1998 Mar;8(3):363-72 PMID: 9529153
  90. Heterologous immunity between viruses.
    Immunol Rev. 2010 May;235(1):244-66 PMID: 20536568
  91. Germinal-center organization and cellular dynamics.
    Immunity. 2007 Aug;27(2):190-202 PMID: 17723214
  92. Functional and genomic profiling of effector CD8 T cell subsets with distinct memory fates.
    J Exp Med. 2008 Mar 17;205(3):625-40 PMID: 18316415
  93. Diversity in T cell memory: an embarrassment of riches.
    Immunity. 2009 Dec 18;31(6):859-71 PMID: 20064446
  94. Immunotherapy: bewitched, bothered, and bewildered no more.
    Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):197-200 PMID: 15247468
  95. The human immune response to Dengue virus is dominated by highly cross-reactive antibodies endowed with neutralizing and enhancing activity.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Sep 16;8(3):271-83 PMID: 20833378
  96. Heterogeneity of CD4+ memory T cells: functional modules for tailored immunity.
    Eur J Immunol. 2009 Aug;39(8):2076-82 PMID: 19672903
  97. Fc receptor but not complement binding is important in antibody protection against HIV.
    Nature. 2007 Sep 6;449(7158):101-4 PMID: 17805298
  98. Integrating genomic signatures for immunologic discovery.
    Immunity. 2010 Feb 26;32(2):152-61 PMID: 20189480
  99. Simultaneous detection of many T-cell specificities using combinatorial tetramer staining.
    Nat Methods. 2009 Jul;6(7):497-9 PMID: 19543286
  100. The function of follicular helper T cells is regulated by the strength of T cell antigen receptor binding.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Apr;10(4):375-84 PMID: 19252493
  101. An in vitro model of differentiation of memory B cells into plasmablasts and plasma cells including detailed phenotypic and molecular characterization.
    Blood. 2009 Dec 10;114(25):5173-81 PMID: 19846886
  102. Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and direct the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells.
    J Immunol. 1995 May 15;154(10):5071-9 PMID: 7730613
  103. Naive T cell homeostasis: from awareness of space to a sense of place.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Dec;9(12):823-32 PMID: 19935802
  104. Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens.
    N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1903-15 PMID: 17989383
  105. Transcriptional profiling of antigen-dependent murine B cell differentiation and memory formation.
    J Immunol. 2007 Nov 15;179(10):6808-19 PMID: 17982071
  106. Dendritic cell subsets in primary and secondary T cell responses at body surfaces.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Dec;10(12):1237-44 PMID: 19915624
  107. Immunity to malaria: more questions than answers.
    Nat Immunol. 2008 Jul;9(7):725-32 PMID: 18563083
  108. Heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies are produced by individuals immunized with a seasonal influenza vaccine.
    J Clin Invest. 2010 May;120(5):1663-73 PMID: 20389023
  109. Prospects for a vaccine against the hepatitis C virus.
    Nature. 2005 Aug 18;436(7053):961-6 PMID: 16107836
  110. Impaired T(H)17 cell differentiation in subjects with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome.
    Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):773-6 PMID: 18337720
  111. Immunity to respiratory viruses.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:61-82 PMID: 18954284
  112. Gene expression profiling of plasma cells and plasmablasts: toward a better understanding of the late stages of B-cell differentiation.
    Blood. 2003 Jul 15;102(2):592-600 PMID: 12663452
  113. Enhancing CD8 T-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism.
    Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):103-7 PMID: 19494812
  114. Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in MHC class I-deficient mice.
    Science. 1999 Nov 12;286(5443):1377-81 PMID: 10558996
  115. Vaccines for tumour prevention.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Mar;6(3):204-16 PMID: 16498443
  116. Effectors and memories: Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 in T and B lymphocyte differentiation.
    Nat Immunol. 2010 Feb;11(2):114-20 PMID: 20084069
  117. Phospho-proteomic immune analysis by flow cytometry: from mechanism to translational medicine at the single-cell level.
    Immunol Rev. 2006 Apr;210:208-28 PMID: 16623773
  118. Orchestrating the orchestrators: chemokines in control of T cell traffic.
    Nat Immunol. 2008 Sep;9(9):970-80 PMID: 18711434
  119. Repetitive antigen stimulation induces stepwise transcriptome diversification but preserves a core signature of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation.
    Immunity. 2010 Jul 23;33(1):128-40 PMID: 20619696
  120. A role for antigen in the maintenance of immunological memory.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Jan;2(1):60-5 PMID: 11905839
  121. SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation.
    Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):764-9 PMID: 18843362
  122. Division of labor with a workforce of one: challenges in specifying effector and memory T cell fate.
    Science. 2007 Aug 3;317(5838):622-5 PMID: 17673652
  123. Polyreactivity increases the apparent affinity of anti-HIV antibodies by heteroligation.
    Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):591-5 PMID: 20882016
  124. CD8+ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease.
    Nat Med. 2008 Jun;14(6):623-8 PMID: 18535580
  125. Interleukins 1beta and 6 but not transforming growth factor-beta are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17-producing human T helper cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2007 Sep;8(9):942-9 PMID: 17676045
  126. Antigens and immunoevasins: opponents in cytomegalovirus immune surveillance.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Nov;2(11):831-44 PMID: 12415307
  127. Immunology. Licence to kill.
    Nature. 1998 Jun 4;393(6684):413-4 PMID: 9623994
  128. Modulation of antigen processing by bound antibodies can boost or suppress class II major histocompatibility complex presentation of different T cell determinants.
    J Exp Med. 1995 Jun 1;181(6):1957-63 PMID: 7539034
  129. Human marginal zone B cells.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:267-85 PMID: 19302041
  130. Maintaining the status quo: T-cell homeostasis.
    Microbes Infect. 2002 Apr;4(5):539-45 PMID: 11959509
  131. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Mar;9(3):213-20 PMID: 19214194
  132. Drugs versus bugs: in pursuit of the persistent predator Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Jan;6(1):41-52 PMID: 18079742
  133. Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets.
    Nat Immunol. 2003 Mar;4(3):225-34 PMID: 12563257
  134. Environmental cues, dendritic cells and the programming of tissue-selective lymphocyte trafficking.
    Nat Immunol. 2008 Sep;9(9):981-7 PMID: 18711435
  135. Deficiency of Th17 cells in hyper IgE syndrome due to mutations in STAT3.
    J Exp Med. 2008 Jul 7;205(7):1551-7 PMID: 18591410
  136. Route of antigen uptake differentially impacts presentation by dendritic cells and activated monocytes.
    J Immunol. 2010 Sep 15;185(6):3426-35 PMID: 20729332
  137. Blood monocytes: development, heterogeneity, and relationship with dendritic cells.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:669-92 PMID: 19132917
  138. An HIV vaccine--evolving concepts.
    N Engl J Med. 2007 May 17;356(20):2073-81 PMID: 17507706
  139. Immunopathological mechanisms in dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever.
    Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006 Oct;19(5):429-36 PMID: 16940865
  140. Systematic comparison of gene expression between murine memory and naive B cells demonstrates that memory B cells have unique signaling capabilities.
    J Immunol. 2008 Jul 1;181(1):27-38 PMID: 18566367
  141. Found in translation: the human equivalent of mouse CD8+ dendritic cells.
    J Exp Med. 2010 Jun 7;207(6):1131-4 PMID: 20513744
  142. The bone marrow: a nest for migratory memory T cells.
    Trends Immunol. 2005 Jul;26(7):360-6 PMID: 15978522
  143. On natural and artificial vaccinations.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:515-46 PMID: 12500980
  144. A single naive CD8+ T cell precursor can develop into diverse effector and memory subsets.
    Immunity. 2007 Dec;27(6):985-97 PMID: 18082432
  145. Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:745-63 PMID: 15032595
  146. Distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP immune complexes in mouse spleen with special reference to follicular dendritic cells.
    J Cell Biol. 1978 Oct;79(1):184-99 PMID: 701370
  147. Memory CD8 T-cell compartment grows in size with immunological experience.
    Nature. 2009 Jan 8;457(7226):196-9 PMID: 19005468
  148. Rational design of envelope identifies broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1.
    Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):856-61 PMID: 20616233
  149. Multiple layers of B cell memory with different effector functions.
    Nat Immunol. 2009 Dec;10(12):1292-9 PMID: 19855380
Article Info
Journal
Immunity
Abbr.
Immunity
ISSN
1097-4180
Published
2010-10-29
Pages
451-63
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9432918
PMCID
PMC3760154
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI030048 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI030048-20 · United States
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com