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PMID: 19655259 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Heterogeneity of microglial activation in the innate immune response in the brain.

Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology ·Vol. 4 ·No. 4 ·2009-12-00 ·Pages 399-418

Colton CA

Abstract

The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain's innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed.

MeSH Terms
Animals Brain/cytology,immunology,metabolism Humans Immunity, Innate/immunology Microglia/immunology,metabolism
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Colton Carol A
Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710 NC, USA. Carol.Colton@duke.edu
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Article Info
Journal
Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology
Abbr.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol
ISSN
1557-1904
DOI
10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4
Email
carol.colton@duke.edu
Published
2009-12-00
Epub
2009-00-05
Pages
399-418
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
101256586
PMCID
PMC2773116
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4 PMC Full Text View journal details
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