Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 19273183 Published · epublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review

PAI-1 and kidney fibrosis.

Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) ·Vol. 14 ·2009-01-01 ·Pages 2028-41

Ma LJ, Fogo AB

Abstract

Substantial evidence demonstrates a link of increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and glomerulosclerosis and kidney fibrosis, providing a novel therapeutic option for prevention and treatment of chronic kidney diseases. Several mechanisms contributing to increased PAI-1 will be addressed, including classic key profibrotic factors such as the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b???and novel molecules identified by proteomic analysis, such as thymosin- b4. The fibrotic sequelae caused by increased PAI-1 in kidney depend not only on its classic inhibition of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA), but also its influence on cell migration.

MeSH Terms
Angiotensins/physiology Animals Chronic Disease Disease Models, Animal Fibrosis Humans Kidney Diseases/metabolism,physiopathology Mice Oligopeptides/physiology Organ Specificity Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/physiology Renin-Angiotensin System Thymosin/physiology Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology
Chemicals
Angiotensins Oligopeptides Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Transforming Growth Factor beta1 thymosin beta(4) Thymosin goralatide
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Ma Li-Jun
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Fogo Agnes B
References (121)
121 references, click to expand
  1. Pleiotropic functions of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
    J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jan;3(1):35-45 PMID: 15634264
  2. Angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker restores podocyte potential to promote glomerular endothelial cell growth.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jul;17(7):1886-95 PMID: 16790514
  3. Acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition increases the plasma level of the natural stem cell regulator N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline.
    J Clin Invest. 1996 Feb 1;97(3):839-44 PMID: 8609242
  4. Endogenous urokinase lacks antifibrotic activity during progressive renal injury.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):F12-9 PMID: 17356128
  5. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 attenuates angiotensin II/salt-induced aortic remodeling.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Feb;25(2):365-71 PMID: 15576638
  6. Progression and potential regression of glomerulosclerosis.
    Kidney Int. 2001 Feb;59(2):804-19 PMID: 11168971
  7. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 detaches cells from extracellular matrices by inactivating integrins.
    J Cell Biol. 2003 Mar 3;160(5):781-91 PMID: 12615913
  8. Regression of renal vascular and glomerular fibrosis: role of angiotensin II receptor antagonism and matrix metalloproteinases.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 May;14(5):1132-44 PMID: 12707384
  9. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in transgenic mice that either lack or overexpress the murine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene.
    J Clin Invest. 1996 Jan 1;97(1):232-7 PMID: 8550840
  10. Renin increases mesangial cell transforming growth factor-beta1 and matrix proteins through receptor-mediated, angiotensin II-independent mechanisms.
    Kidney Int. 2006 Jan;69(1):105-13 PMID: 16374430
  11. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.
    Nature. 2004 Nov 25;432(7016):466-72 PMID: 15565145
  12. Reversal of glomerular lesions involves coordinated restructuring of glomerular microvasculature.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Dec;15(12):3063-72 PMID: 15579509
  13. Prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in mice lacking plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.
    Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53(2):336-46 PMID: 14747283
  14. The (pro)renin receptor: pathophysiological roles in cardiovascular and renal pathology.
    Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2007 Mar;16(2):129-33 PMID: 17293688
  15. Plasminogen and plasminogen activators protect against renal injury in crescentic glomerulonephritis.
    J Exp Med. 1997 Mar 3;185(5):963-8 PMID: 9120402
  16. Spironolactone prevents early renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
    Kidney Int. 2004 Oct;66(4):1493-502 PMID: 15458443
  17. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and autoimmunity.
    Autoimmun Rev. 2005 Sep;4(7):450-9 PMID: 16137611
  18. Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta activation by discrete sequences of thrombospondin 1.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 31;270(13):7304-10 PMID: 7706271
  19. Regression of existing glomerulosclerosis by inhibition of aldosterone.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov;16(11):3306-14 PMID: 16192423
  20. Angiotensin AT1/AT2 receptors: regulation, signalling and function.
    Blood Press. 2003;12(2):70-88 PMID: 12797627
  21. Chronic graft dysfunction in renal transplant patients: potential role of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.
    Transplantation. 2002 Apr 27;73(8):1290-5 PMID: 11981424
  22. Tissue-type plasminogen activator promotes murine myofibroblast activation through LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated integrin signaling.
    J Clin Invest. 2007 Dec;117(12):3821-32 PMID: 18037995
  23. Polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genes in diabetes and macroangiopathy1.
    Kidney Int. 1998 Nov;54(5):1659-69 PMID: 9844142
  24. Biodistribution of synthetic thymosin beta 4 in the serum, urine, and major organs of mice.
    Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997 Jan;19(1):1-8 PMID: 9226473
  25. Ac-SDKP reverses cardiac fibrosis in rats with renovascular hypertension.
    Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1164-70 PMID: 14581293
  26. Effect of combined AT1 receptor and aldosterone receptor antagonism on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3867-73 PMID: 12915681
  27. The effect of endothelial cell overexpression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 on smooth muscle cell migration.
    J Vasc Surg. 2002 Jul;36(1):164-71 PMID: 12096275
  28. Unexpected role of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in cell adhesion and detachment.
    Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Dec;229(11):1090-6 PMID: 15564434
  29. Mouse beta(6) integrin sequence, pattern of expression, and role in kidney development.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000 Dec;11(12):2297-2305 PMID: 11095652
  30. Aldosterone modulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and glomerulosclerosis in vivo.
    Kidney Int. 2000 Sep;58(3):1219-27 PMID: 10972684
  31. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Aug;283(2):F209-20 PMID: 12110504
  32. Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease.
    Nature. 1992 Oct 22;359(6397):693-9 PMID: 1436033
  33. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by angiotensin II receptor blockers on cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipients.
    Transplant Proc. 2005 Mar;37(2):994-6 PMID: 15848601
  34. A mutant, noninhibitory plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 decreases matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis.
    J Clin Invest. 2003 Aug;112(3):379-88 PMID: 12897205
  35. Renal fibrosis: not just PAI-1 in the sky.
    J Clin Invest. 2003 Aug;112(3):326-8 PMID: 12897200
  36. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects.
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E961-7 PMID: 16352667
  37. Increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with fibrin deposition in a murine model of aging, "Klotho" mouse.
    Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002 Dec;28(6):545-54 PMID: 12536348
  38. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency protects against aldosterone-induced glomerular injury.
    Kidney Int. 2006 Mar;69(6):1064-72 PMID: 16528256
  39. High plasma level of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline: a new marker of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.
    Hypertension. 1997 Nov;30(5):1015-9 PMID: 9369248
  40. The clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease.
    Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2005 Nov;14(6):550-7 PMID: 16205474
  41. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline prevents renal insufficiency and mesangial matrix expansion in diabetic db/db mice.
    Diabetes. 2005 Mar;54(3):838-45 PMID: 15734863
  42. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline stimulates angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Nov;287(5):H2099-105 PMID: 15256375
  43. Cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease.
    Kidney Int. 2005 Oct;68(4):1413-8 PMID: 16164615
  44. Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases.
    J Clin Invest. 2003 Mar;111(5):707-16 PMID: 12618525
  45. PAI-1 and atherothrombosis.
    J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Aug;3(8):1879-83 PMID: 16102055
  46. Angiotensin II stimulates expression of the chemokine RANTES in rat glomerular endothelial cells. Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep 1;100(5):1047-58 PMID: 9276721
  47. Microangiopathic injury and augmented PAI-1 in human diabetic nephropathy.
    Kidney Int. 2002 Jun;61(6):2142-8 PMID: 12028454
  48. The development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice deficient for components of the fibrinolytic system.
    Am J Pathol. 2000 Jul;157(1):177-87 PMID: 10880388
  49. PAI-1 synthesis in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 is increased by cytokines--evidence that the liver contributes to acute phase behaviour of PAI-1.
    Thromb Haemost. 1991 Feb 12;65(2):181-5 PMID: 1711245
  50. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a new mechanism of action.
    Circulation. 2005 Oct 18;112(16):2436-45 PMID: 16216963
  51. Macrophage inhibitory factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, other acute phase proteins, and inflammatory mediators normalize as a result of weight loss in morbidly obese subjects treated with gastric restrictive surgery.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):4062-8 PMID: 15292349
  52. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline ameliorates the progression of renal dysfunction and fibrosis in WKY rats with established anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Mar;17(3):674-85 PMID: 16452498
  53. Effects of pioglitazone and candesartan on renal fibrosis and the intrarenal plasmin cascade in spontaneously hypercholesterolemic rats.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Oct;293(4):F1292-8 PMID: 17670902
  54. Overexpression of angiotensin type 2 receptor ameliorates glomerular injury in a mouse remnant kidney model.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Mar;286(3):F516-25 PMID: 14583437
  55. Nuclear localisation of the G-actin sequestering peptide thymosin beta4.
    J Cell Sci. 2004 Oct 15;117(Pt 22):5333-41 PMID: 15466884
  56. Calcium-binding proteins annexin A2 and S100A6 are sensors of tubular injury and recovery in acute renal failure.
    Kidney Int. 2005 Dec;68(6):2694-703 PMID: 16316344
  57. Regression of glomerulosclerosis with high-dose angiotensin inhibition is linked to decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Apr;16(4):966-76 PMID: 15728787
  58. The emerging role of transforming growth factor-beta in kidney diseases.
    Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 2):F829-42 PMID: 8023963
  59. Thymosin beta4 is released from human blood platelets and attached by factor XIIIa (transglutaminase) to fibrin and collagen.
    FASEB J. 2002 May;16(7):691-6 PMID: 11978733
  60. Synergistic effect of adrenal steroids and angiotensin II on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;85(1):336-44 PMID: 10634408
  61. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in fibrinogen-null mice.
    J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec;106(11):1341-50 PMID: 11104787
  62. How to fully protect the kidney in a severe model of progressive nephropathy: a multidrug approach.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Dec;13(12):2898-908 PMID: 12444208
  63. Renal expression of angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors during kidney damage.
    Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 Oct;(86):S21-6 PMID: 12969123
  64. An inhibitor of plasminogen activator in rabbit endothelial cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 May 10;256(9):4142-5 PMID: 6783654
  65. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 modulates adipocyte differentiation.
    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;290(1):E103-E113 PMID: 16144810
  66. Plasmin is not protective in experimental renal interstitial fibrosis.
    Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):68-76 PMID: 15200414
  67. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene deficiency attenuates TGF-beta1-induced kidney disease.
    Kidney Int. 2005 Dec;68(6):2651-66 PMID: 16316341
  68. Combining TGF-beta inhibition and angiotensin II blockade results in enhanced antifibrotic effect.
    Kidney Int. 2004 Nov;66(5):1774-84 PMID: 15496148
  69. Accelerated fibrosis and collagen deposition develop in the renal interstitium of angiotensin type 2 receptor null mutant mice during ureteral obstruction.
    Kidney Int. 1998 Apr;53(4):937-44 PMID: 9551401
  70. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in chronic kidney disease: evidence and mechanisms of action.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Nov;17(11):2999-3012 PMID: 17035608
  71. The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.
    Cell. 1999 Feb 5;96(3):319-28 PMID: 10025398
  72. Potential roles of plasminogen activator system in coronary vascular remodeling induced by long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition.
    J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2002 Jun;34(6):617-27 PMID: 12054849
  73. Proteomic patterns and prediction of glomerulosclerosis and its mechanisms.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Oct;16(10):2967-75 PMID: 16079267
  74. Identification of the annexin A2 heterotetramer as a receptor for the plasmin-induced signaling in human peripheral monocytes.
    Blood. 2006 Apr 15;107(8):3342-9 PMID: 16373665
  75. LRP: a multifunctional scavenger and signaling receptor.
    J Clin Invest. 2001 Sep;108(6):779-84 PMID: 11560943
  76. Disruption of tissue-type plasminogen activator gene in mice reduces renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy.
    J Clin Invest. 2002 Nov;110(10):1525-38 PMID: 12438450
  77. PAI-1 deficiency attenuates the fibrogenic response to ureteral obstruction.
    Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):587-96 PMID: 11473641
  78. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis.
    J Clin Invest. 2003 Dec;112(12):1776-84 PMID: 14679171
  79. Annexin II: a plasminogen-plasminogen activator co-receptor.
    Front Biosci. 2002 Feb 01;7:d341-8 PMID: 11815288
  80. Angiotensin type 2 receptors are reexpressed by cardiac fibroblasts from failing myopathic hamster hearts and inhibit cell growth and fibrillar collagen metabolism.
    Circulation. 1997 Dec 2;96(11):3954-62 PMID: 9403620
  81. Role of angiotensin II in glomerular injury.
    Semin Nephrol. 2001 Nov;21(6):544-53 PMID: 11709802
  82. Angiotensin AT2 receptors directly stimulate renal nitric oxide in bradykinin B2-receptor-null mice.
    Hypertension. 2003 Oct;42(4):600-4 PMID: 12953015
  83. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency has renal benefits but some adverse systemic consequences in diabetic mice.
    Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2006;104(1):e23-34 PMID: 16735799
  84. Plasmin(ogen) promotes renal interstitial fibrosis by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: role of plasmin-activated signals.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Mar;18(3):846-59 PMID: 17267741
  85. Reversal of glomerulosclerosis after high-dose enalapril treatment in subtotally nephrectomized rats.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Nov;14(11):2833-42 PMID: 14569093
  86. N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline inhibits TGF-beta-mediated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression via inhibition of Smad pathway in human mesangial cells.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Apr;14(4):863-72 PMID: 12660320
  87. Impaired angiogenesis in the remnant kidney model: II. Vascular endothelial growth factor administration reduces renal fibrosis and stabilizes renal function.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 Jul;12(7):1448-1457 PMID: 11423573
  88. Antifibrotic effect of Ac-SDKP and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension.
    J Hypertens. 2004 Mar;22(3):593-603 PMID: 15076166
  89. Tissue-type plasminogen activator acts as a cytokine that triggers intracellular signal transduction and induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression.
    J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 27;281(4):2120-7 PMID: 16303771
  90. Chronic kidney disease: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
    Cardiol Clin. 2005 Aug;23(3):343-62 PMID: 16084283
  91. Thymosin beta4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization.
    Nature. 2007 Jan 11;445(7124):177-82 PMID: 17108969
  92. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates laminin-5 production independent of TGF-beta.
    Exp Cell Res. 2004 Feb 1;293(1):175-83 PMID: 14729067
  93. Angiopoietins: microvascular modulators with potential roles in glomerular pathophysiology.
    J Nephrol. 2003 Mar-Apr;16(2):168-78 PMID: 12768063
  94. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency prevents hypertension and vascular fibrosis in response to long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition.
    Circulation. 2001 Aug 14;104(7):839-44 PMID: 11502712
  95. Mechanism of activation of latent recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 by plasmin.
    J Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;110(4):1361-7 PMID: 2139036
  96. Transforming growth factor-beta-dependent and -independent pathways of induction of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in beta6(-/-) mice.
    Am J Pathol. 2003 Oct;163(4):1261-73 PMID: 14507636
  97. Historical analysis of PAI-1 from its discovery to its potential role in cell motility and disease.
    Thromb Haemost. 2005 Apr;93(4):631-40 PMID: 15841306
  98. Divergent effects of low versus high dose anti-TGF-beta antibody in puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy in rats.
    Kidney Int. 2004 Jan;65(1):106-15 PMID: 14675041
  99. Endocytic receptor LRP together with tPA and PAI-1 coordinates Mac-1-dependent macrophage migration.
    EMBO J. 2006 May 3;25(9):1860-70 PMID: 16601674
  100. Annexin II is present on renal epithelial cells and binds calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Feb;14(2):289-97 PMID: 12538728
  101. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and fibrinolysis in progressive renal disease.
    Semin Nephrol. 2002 Sep;22(5):399-406 PMID: 12224047
  102. Prognostic value of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 mRNA in microdissected glomeruli from transplanted kidneys.
    Transplantation. 2001 Oct 15;72(7):1256-61 PMID: 11602852
  103. Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in adipocytes.
    FASEB J. 2005 Aug;19(10):1317-9 PMID: 15928193
  104. Plasmin triggers cytokine induction in human monocyte-derived macrophages.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jun;27(6):1383-9 PMID: 17413040
  105. Evidence for restriction of fluid and solute movement across the glomerular capillary wall by the subpodocyte space.
    Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Dec;293(6):F1777-86 PMID: 17804486
  106. Endothelial cells inhibit flow-induced smooth muscle cell migration: role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
    Circulation. 2001 Jan 30;103(4):597-603 PMID: 11157728
  107. Regulation of plasmin activity by annexin II tetramer.
    Biochemistry. 2000 Feb 8;39(5):1021-8 PMID: 10653646
  108. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression is regulated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor in vivo.
    Kidney Int. 2000 Jul;58(1):251-9 PMID: 10886570
  109. Angiotensinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene polymorphism in relation to chronic allograft dysfunction.
    Clin Transplant. 2005 Feb;19(1):10-4 PMID: 15659127
  110. An extremely high dose of losartan affords superior renoprotection in the remnant model.
    Kidney Int. 2005 May;67(5):1913-24 PMID: 15840039
  111. Novel angiotensin peptides.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Nov;61(21):2720-7 PMID: 15549173
  112. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jun;25(6):291-4 PMID: 15165741
  113. Multifunctionality of PAI-1 in fibrogenesis: evidence from obstructive nephropathy in PAI-1-overexpressing mice.
    Kidney Int. 2005 Jun;67(6):2221-38 PMID: 15882265
  114. "The road not taken": role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in pathophysiology.
    Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Feb;17(2):195-8 PMID: 11812862
  115. Regression of sclerosis in aging by an angiotensin inhibition-induced decrease in PAI-1.
    Kidney Int. 2000 Dec;58(6):2425-36 PMID: 11115076
  116. Attenuation of diet-induced weight gain and adiposity through increased energy expenditure in mice lacking angiotensin II type 1a receptor.
    Endocrinology. 2005 Aug;146(8):3481-9 PMID: 15878965
  117. Can glomerulosclerosis be reversed?
    Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006 Jun;2(6):290-1 PMID: 16932443
  118. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency retards diabetic nephropathy.
    Kidney Int. 2005 Apr;67(4):1297-307 PMID: 15780082
  119. Angiotensin type 2 receptor antagonism confers renal protection in a rat model of progressive renal injury.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1773-87 PMID: 12089373
  120. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein is a motogenic receptor for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 May 21;279(21):22595-604 PMID: 15001579
  121. Chronic allograft nephropathy: expression and localization of PAI-1 and PPAR-gamma.
    Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005 Dec;20(12):2812-9 PMID: 16221712
Article Info
Journal
Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)
Abbr.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)
ISSN
2768-6698
DOI
10.2741/3361
Published
2009-01-01
Epub
2009-00-01
Pages
2028-41
Language
English
Region
Singapore
NLM ID
101612996
PMCID
PMC4848749
Subset
IM
Grants
NIDDK NIH HHS · P50 DK044757 · United States
NIDDK NIH HHS · R01 DK056942 · United States
NIDDK NIH HHS · DK44757 · United States
NIDDK NIH HHS · DK56942 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.2741/3361 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2