Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 17397930 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Astrocyte elevated gene-1: recent insights into a novel gene involved in tumor progression, metastasis and neurodegeneration.

Pharmacology & therapeutics ·Vol. 114 ·No. 2 ·2007-05-00 ·Pages 155-70

Emdad L, Sarkar D, Su ZZ, Lee SG, Kang DC, Bruce JN, Volsky DJ, Fisher PB

Abstract

Tumor progression and metastasis are complex processes involving intricate interplay among multiple gene products. Astrocyte elevated gene (AEG)-1 was cloned as an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-inducible and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-inducible transcript in primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFA) by a rapid subtraction hybridization approach. AEG-1 down-regulates the expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2; thus, it is implicated in glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage to neurons as evident in HIV-associated neurodegeneration. Interestingly, AEG-1 expression is elevated in subsets of breast cancer, glioblastoma multiforme and melanoma cells, and AEG-1 cooperates with Ha-ras to augment the transformed phenotype of normal immortal cells. Moreover, AEG-1 is overexpressed in >95% of human malignant glioma samples when compared with normal human brain. Overexpression of AEG-1 increases and siRNA inhibition of AEG-1 decreases migration and invasion of human glioma cells, respectively. AEG-1 contains a lung-homing domain facilitating breast tumor metastasis to lungs. These findings indicate that AEG-1 might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis of diverse cancers. Our recent observations indicate that AEG-1 exerts its effects by activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway and AEG-1 is a downstream target of Ha-ras and plays an important role in Ha-ras-mediated tumorigenesis. These provocative findings are intensifying interest in AEG-1 as a crucial regulator of tumor progression and metastasis and as a potential mediator of neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the cloning, structure and function(s) of AEG-1 and provide recent insights into the diverse actions and intriguing properties of this molecule.

MeSH Terms
Brain Neoplasms/genetics,physiopathology Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics,physiology Cloning, Molecular Disease Progression Gene Expression Regulation HIV Infections/genetics,physiopathology Humans Membrane Proteins/genetics,physiology Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics,physiopathology Neoplasms/genetics,physiopathology Neurodegenerative Diseases/genetics,physiopathology Oncogenes RNA-Binding Proteins Signal Transduction/genetics
Chemicals
Cell Adhesion Molecules MTDH protein, human Membrane Proteins RNA-Binding Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
8 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Emdad Luni
Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Sarkar Devanand
Su Zao-Zhong
Lee Seok-Geun
Kang Dong-Chul
Bruce Jeffrey N
Volsky David J
Fisher Paul B
References (152)
152 references, click to expand
  1. Requirement of NF-kappaB activation to suppress p53-independent apoptosis induced by oncogenic Ras.
    Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1812-5 PMID: 9388187
  2. Constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB-RelA activation is required for proliferation and survival of Hodgkin's disease tumor cells.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Dec 15;100(12):2961-9 PMID: 9399941
  3. Effects of feline immunodeficiency virus on astrocyte glutamate uptake: implications for lentivirus-induced central nervous system diseases.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 3;95(5):2624-9 PMID: 9482937
  4. Regulation of the glial Na+-dependent glutamate transporters by cyclic AMP analogs and neurons.
    Mol Pharmacol. 1998 Mar;53(3):355-69 PMID: 9495799
  5. Identification of functional domains of the human glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 12;273(24):14698-706 PMID: 9614067
  6. Abnormal EAAT2 splicing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
    Mol Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;3(4):298 PMID: 9702736
  7. Presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
    J Infect Dis. 1998 Sep;178(3):854-7 PMID: 9728558
  8. The number of glutamate transporter subtype molecules at glutamatergic synapses: chemical and stereological quantification in young adult rat brain.
    J Neurosci. 1998 Nov 1;18(21):8751-7 PMID: 9786982
  9. Reciprocal subtraction differential RNA display: an efficient and rapid procedure for isolating differentially expressed gene sequences.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13788-93 PMID: 9811879
  10. The nuclear factor-kappa B RelA transcription factor is constitutively activated in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
    Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Jan;5(1):119-27 PMID: 9918209
  11. RAS mutations and clonality analysis in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML).
    Leukemia. 1999 Jan;13(1):32-7 PMID: 10049057
  12. NF-kappaB function in growth control: regulation of cyclin D1 expression and G0/G1-to-S-phase transition.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Apr;19(4):2690-8 PMID: 10082535
  13. Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB in primary adult T-cell leukemia cells.
    Blood. 1999 Apr 1;93(7):2360-8 PMID: 10090947
  14. Elevated constitutive IkappaB kinase activity and IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in Hs294T melanoma cells lead to increased basal MGSA/GRO-alpha transcription.
    Cancer Res. 1999 Mar 15;59(6):1372-7 PMID: 10096573
  15. The family of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters: a focus on the GLT-1/EAAT2 subtype.
    Neurochem Int. 1998 Dec;33(6):479-91 PMID: 10098717
  16. Astrocytes: HIV cellular reservoirs and important participants in neuropathogenesis.
    AIDS. 1999 Jan 14;13(1):1-22 PMID: 10207540
  17. Cooperativity between oxidants and tumor necrosis factor in the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB: requirement of Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases in the activation of NF-kappaB by oxidants.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 May;20(5):942-52 PMID: 10226064
  18. Primary intracranial neoplasms in patients with HIV.
    Neurology. 1999 May 12;52(8):1648-51 PMID: 10331693
  19. The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: implications for therapy.
    Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Mar;81(3):163-221 PMID: 10334661
  20. NF-kappaB controls cell growth and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Aug;19(8):5785-99 PMID: 10409765
  21. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MMP-2, 7, and 9 are elevated in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia.
    Ann Neurol. 1999 Sep;46(3):391-8 PMID: 10482270
  22. Identification and cloning of genes displaying elevated expression as a consequence of metastatic progression in human melanoma cells by rapid subtraction hybridization.
    Gene. 2004 Dec 8;343(1):191-201 PMID: 15563845
  23. Positive and negative regulation of EAAT2 by NF-kappaB: a role for N-myc in TNFalpha-controlled repression.
    EMBO J. 2005 Feb 9;24(3):510-20 PMID: 15660126
  24. Coordinate regulation of basal and cyclic 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-activated expression of human chorionic gonadotropin-alpha by Ets-2 and cAMP-responsive element binding protein.
    Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;19(4):1049-66 PMID: 15637148
  25. NF-kappaB mediated IL-6 production by renal epithelial cells is regulated by c-jun NH2-terminal kinase.
    J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jun;16(6):1603-11 PMID: 15843470
  26. Benzodiazepines differently modulate EAAT1/GLAST and EAAT2/GLT1 glutamate transporters expressed in CHO cells.
    Neurochem Int. 2002 Apr;40(4):321-6 PMID: 11792462
  27. To cycle or not to cycle: a critical decision in cancer.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2001 Dec;1(3):222-31 PMID: 11902577
  28. Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha.
    Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2282-5 PMID: 11910117
  29. Cell signaling: life or death decisions of ras proteins.
    Curr Biol. 2002 Apr 2;12(7):R259-61 PMID: 11937045
  30. Regulation of SRC-3 (pCIP/ACTR/AIB-1/RAC-3/TRAM-1) Coactivator activity by I kappa B kinase.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3549-61 PMID: 11971985
  31. Identification and cloning of human astrocyte genes displaying elevated expression after infection with HIV-1 or exposure to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein by rapid subtraction hybridization, RaSH.
    Oncogene. 2002 May 16;21(22):3592-602 PMID: 12032861
  32. Modelling the molecular circuitry of cancer.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 May;2(5):331-41 PMID: 12044009
  33. Pten signaling in gliomas.
    Neuro Oncol. 2002 Jul;4(3):196-211 PMID: 12084351
  34. Ras family genes: an interesting link between cell cycle and cancer.
    J Cell Physiol. 2002 Aug;192(2):125-30 PMID: 12115718
  35. Rho GTPases in cell biology.
    Nature. 2002 Dec 12;420(6916):629-35 PMID: 12478284
  36. Insights into glutamate transport regulation in human astrocytes: cloning of the promoter for excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2).
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):1955-60 PMID: 12578975
  37. Mechanisms of regulating the Raf kinase family.
    Cell Signal. 2003 May;15(5):463-9 PMID: 12639709
  38. ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review.
    Cancer Res. 1989 Sep 1;49(17):4682-9 PMID: 2547513
  39. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system.
    Neuron. 1988 Oct;1(8):623-34 PMID: 2908446
  40. Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990 May;11(5):205-11 PMID: 1971466
  41. Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex in HIV infection.
    Lancet. 1991 May 11;337(8750):1119-21 PMID: 1674013
  42. Retinoic acid is a negative regulator of AP-1-responsive genes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 15;88(14):6092-6 PMID: 1648728
  43. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes induced by transfection of ras oncogenes.
    Science. 1991 Aug 2;253(5019):565-8 PMID: 1857988
  44. Persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in human fetal glial cells reactivated by T-cell factor(s) or by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta.
    J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):6094-100 PMID: 1920627
  45. The biology of cancer metastasis or, 'you cannot fix it if you do not know how it works'.
    Bioessays. 1991 Oct;13(10):551-4 PMID: 1755831
  46. Activation of protein kinase C increases phosphorylation of the L-myc trans-activator domain at a GSK-3 target site.
    Oncogene. 1992 Feb;7(2):347-53 PMID: 1312697
  47. Regulated expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human glial cells: induction of dormant virus.
    Pathobiology. 1992;60(4):195-205 PMID: 1388716
  48. Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Na(+)-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10955-9 PMID: 1279699
  49. Signal transduction within the nucleus by mitogen-activated protein kinase.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Dec 5;267(34):24796-804 PMID: 1332967
  50. Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter.
    Nature. 1992 Dec 3;360(6403):464-7 PMID: 1448170
  51. Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter.
    Nature. 1992 Dec 3;360(6403):467-71 PMID: 1280334
  52. Signal transduction mediated by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway from cytokine receptors to transcription factors: potential targeting for therapeutic intervention.
    Leukemia. 2003 Jul;17(7):1263-93 PMID: 12835716
  53. Reduced expression of glutamate transporter EAAT2 and impaired glutamate transport in human primary astrocytes exposed to HIV-1 or gp120.
    Virology. 2003 Jul 20;312(1):60-73 PMID: 12890621
  54. PTEN: from pathology to biology.
    Trends Cell Biol. 2003 Sep;13(9):478-83 PMID: 12946627
  55. Malignant gliomas: perverting glutamate and ion homeostasis for selective advantage.
    Trends Neurosci. 2003 Oct;26(10):543-9 PMID: 14522147
  56. Transcriptional regulation of human excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1): cloning of the EAAT1 promoter and characterization of its basal and inducible activity in human astrocytes.
    J Neurochem. 2003 Dec;87(6):1485-98 PMID: 14713304
  57. 3D3/lyric: a novel transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope, which is also present in the nucleolus.
    Exp Cell Res. 2004 Mar 10;294(1):94-105 PMID: 14980505
  58. Metadherin, a cell surface protein in breast tumors that mediates lung metastasis.
    Cancer Cell. 2004 Apr;5(4):365-74 PMID: 15093543
  59. The Ku protein complex interacts with YY1, is up-regulated in human heart failure, and represses alpha myosin heavy-chain gene expression.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8705-15 PMID: 15367688
  60. Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain.
    J Neurochem. 1984 Jan;42(1):1-11 PMID: 6139418
  61. Microinjection of the ras oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation.
    Cell. 1985 Oct;42(3):841-8 PMID: 2996779
  62. Pathologic features of AIDS encephalopathy in children: evidence for LAV/HTLV-III infection of brain.
    Hum Pathol. 1986 Mar;17(3):271-84 PMID: 3005158
  63. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy.
    Science. 1986 Sep 5;233(4768):1089-93 PMID: 3016903
  64. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(18):7089-93 PMID: 3018755
  65. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex as the presenting or sole manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
    Arch Neurol. 1987 Jan;44(1):65-9 PMID: 3800724
  66. Rescue of cells from ras oncogene-induced growth arrest by a second, complementing, oncogene.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1519-23 PMID: 2830621
  67. An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel.
    Nature. 1995 Jun 15;375(6532):599-603 PMID: 7791878
  68. The small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate the activity of the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway.
    Cell. 1995 Jun 30;81(7):1137-46 PMID: 7600581
  69. Selective activation of the JNK signaling cascade and c-Jun transcriptional activity by the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42Hs.
    Cell. 1995 Jun 30;81(7):1147-57 PMID: 7600582
  70. Glutamate transporters in glial plasma membranes: highly differentiated localizations revealed by quantitative ultrastructural immunocytochemistry.
    Neuron. 1995 Sep;15(3):711-20 PMID: 7546749
  71. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis.
    Science. 1995 Nov 24;270(5240):1326-31 PMID: 7481820
  72. Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate.
    Neuron. 1996 Mar;16(3):675-86 PMID: 8785064
  73. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits glutamate uptake by primary human astrocytes. Implications for pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Jun 28;271(26):15303-6 PMID: 8663435
  74. The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1996;14:649-83 PMID: 8717528
  75. The v-rel oncogene promotes malignant T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in transgenic mice.
    EMBO J. 1996 Jul 15;15(14):3640-50 PMID: 8670867
  76. Rel/NF-kappaB/IkappaB proteins and cancer.
    Oncogene. 1996 Oct 3;13(7):1367-78 PMID: 8875974
  77. Deficient glutamate transport is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
    Ann Neurol. 1996 Nov;40(5):759-66 PMID: 8957017
  78. Ras signalling linked to the cell-cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma protein.
    Nature. 1997 Mar 13;386(6621):177-81 PMID: 9062190
  79. Contrasting modes of action of methylglutamate derivatives on the excitatory amino acid transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2.
    Mol Pharmacol. 1997 May;51(5):809-15 PMID: 9145919
  80. Role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in cell transformation and control of the actin cytoskeleton by Ras.
    Cell. 1997 May 2;89(3):457-67 PMID: 9150145
  81. Compromised glutamate transport in human glioma cells: reduction-mislocalization of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters and enhanced activity of cystine-glutamate exchange.
    J Neurosci. 1999 Dec 15;19(24):10767-77 PMID: 10594060
  82. Transcriptional activation of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene in an H-ras and v-myc transformed rat embryo cell line.
    Oncogene. 1997 Apr 24;14(16):1995-8 PMID: 9150367
  83. The c-Jun-induced transformation process involves complex regulation of tenascin-C expression.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jun;17(6):3202-9 PMID: 9154819
  84. Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F.
    Nature. 1997 May 22;387(6631):422-6 PMID: 9163430
  85. Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1.
    Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1699-702 PMID: 9180080
  86. Glutamate transporter protein subtypes are expressed differentially during rat CNS development.
    J Neurosci. 1997 Nov 1;17(21):8363-75 PMID: 9334410
  87. Expression of the neoplastic phenotype by human thyroid carcinoma cell lines requires NFkappaB p65 protein expression.
    Oncogene. 1997 Oct 16;15(16):1987-94 PMID: 9365245
  88. Neuronal soluble factors differentially regulate the expression of the GLT1 and GLAST glutamate transporters in cultured astroglia.
    J Neurochem. 1997 Dec;69(6):2612-5 PMID: 9375696
  89. Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis.
    Nat Med. 2000 Jan;6(1):67-70 PMID: 10613826
  90. The hallmarks of cancer.
    Cell. 2000 Jan 7;100(1):57-70 PMID: 10647931
  91. Epidermal growth factor receptor agonists increase expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in astrocytes through pathways dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and transcription factor NF-kappaB.
    Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Apr;57(4):667-78 PMID: 10727511
  92. Cellular response to oncogenic ras involves induction of the Cdk4 and Cdk6 inhibitor p15(INK4b).
    Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Apr;20(8):2915-25 PMID: 10733595
  93. Understanding Ras: 'it ain't over 'til it's over'.
    Trends Cell Biol. 2000 Apr;10(4):147-54 PMID: 10740269
  94. Molecular basis for cell-specific regulation of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jul 1;379(1):97-108 PMID: 10864447
  95. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected T lymphocytes impair catabolism and uptake of glutamate by astrocytes via Tax-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
    J Virol. 2000 Jul;74(14):6433-41 PMID: 10864655
  96. The GLT-1 and GLAST glutamate transporters are expressed on morphologically distinct astrocytes and regulated by neuronal activity in primary hippocampal cocultures.
    J Neurochem. 2000 Sep;75(3):1076-84 PMID: 10936189
  97. Astrocyte glutamate transport: review of properties, regulation, and physiological functions.
    Glia. 2000 Oct;32(1):1-14 PMID: 10975906
  98. Differential RNA cleavage and polyadenylation of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human brain.
    Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Sep 15;80(2):244-51 PMID: 11038258
  99. Ras-responsive genes and tumor metastasis.
    Crit Rev Oncog. 1993;4(2):95-114 PMID: 8420573
  100. Identification of the promoter region of human interleukin 1 type I receptor gene: multiple initiation sites, high G+C content, and constitutive expression.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 15;90(6):2295-9 PMID: 8460136
  101. Phosphorylation sites mapping in the N-terminal domain of c-myc modulate its transforming potential.
    Oncogene. 1993 Dec;8(12):3199-209 PMID: 8247524
  102. Envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 alters ion transport in astrocytes: implications for AIDS dementia complex.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jan 18;91(2):494-8 PMID: 8290553
  103. Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
    Brain Pathol. 1991 Apr;1(3):163-75 PMID: 1669705
  104. Site-specific modulation of c-Myc cotransformation by residues phosphorylated in vivo.
    Oncogene. 1994 Jan;9(1):59-70 PMID: 8302604
  105. The NF-kappa B transcription factor and cancer: high expression of NF-kappa B- and I kappa B-related proteins in tumor cell lines.
    Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jan 13;47(1):145-9 PMID: 8311838
  106. Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues.
    Neurology. 1994 Mar;44(3 Pt 1):474-81 PMID: 8145918
  107. Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras.
    Nature. 1994 Aug 18;370(6490):527-32 PMID: 8052307
  108. The Rel family of proteins in oncogenesis and differentiation.
    Semin Cancer Biol. 1994 Apr;5(2):103-12 PMID: 8061327
  109. c-Myc cooperates with activated Ras to induce the cdc2 promoter.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Sep;14(9):5710-8 PMID: 8065306
  110. Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex.
    J Neurosci. 1994 Sep;14(9):5559-69 PMID: 7521911
  111. The implications of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of cancer metastasis.
    Cell. 1994 Oct 21;79(2):185-8 PMID: 7525076
  112. Multiple Ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation.
    Cell. 1995 Feb 24;80(4):533-41 PMID: 7867061
  113. gp120-mediated alterations in astrocyte ion transport.
    Adv Neuroimmunol. 1994;4(3):175-9 PMID: 7874384
  114. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
    N Engl J Med. 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40 PMID: 7877652
  115. Complete open reading frame (C-ORF) technology: simple and efficient technique for cloning full-length protein-coding sequences.
    Gene. 2005 Jun 20;353(1):1-7 PMID: 15927425
  116. Cloning and characterization of HIV-1-inducible astrocyte elevated gene-1, AEG-1.
    Gene. 2005 Jun 20;353(1):8-15 PMID: 15927426
  117. Is mda-7/IL-24 a "magic bullet" for cancer?
    Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 15;65(22):10128-38 PMID: 16287994
  118. Oncogenic PI3K deregulates transcription and translation.
    Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Dec;5(12):921-9 PMID: 16341083
  119. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein activation by PD98059 contributes to the inhibition of AhR-mediated 3-methylcholanthrene induction of CYP1A1.
    Xenobiotica. 2005 Oct-Nov;35(10-11):975-87 PMID: 16393856
  120. Activation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway by astrocyte elevated gene-1: implications for tumor progression and metastasis.
    Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;66(3):1509-16 PMID: 16452207
  121. Transcription factor YY1: structure, function, and therapeutic implications in cancer biology.
    Oncogene. 2006 Feb 23;25(8):1125-42 PMID: 16314846
  122. mda-7/IL-24: multifunctional cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing cytokine.
    Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):596-628 PMID: 16464504
  123. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is a target gene of oncogenic Ha-ras requiring phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and c-Myc.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17390-5 PMID: 17088530
  124. Cloning differentially expressed genes using rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH).
    Methods Mol Biol. 2007;383:15-29 PMID: 18217676
  125. Complete open reading frame (C-ORF) technique: rapid and efficient method for obtaining complete protein coding sequences.
    Methods Mol Biol. 2007;383:123-33 PMID: 18217682
  126. Unexpected induction of the human connexin 43 promoter by the ras signaling pathway is mediated by a novel putative promoter sequence.
    Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;63(4):821-31 PMID: 12644583
  127. Transcriptional regulation of osteopontin and the metastatic phenotype: evidence for a Ras-activated enhancer in the human OPN promoter.
    Clin Exp Metastasis. 2003;20(1):77-84 PMID: 12650610
  128. Restoring apoptosis as a strategy for cancer gene therapy: focus on p53 and mda-7.
    Semin Cancer Biol. 2003 Apr;13(2):169-78 PMID: 12654260
  129. Customized rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH) gene microarrays identify overlapping expression changes in human fetal astrocytes resulting from human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection or tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment.
    Gene. 2003 Mar 13;306:67-78 PMID: 12657468
  130. Identification of gene products suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection or gp120 exposure of primary human astrocytes by rapid subtraction hybridization.
    J Neurovirol. 2003 Jun;9(3):372-89 PMID: 12775420
  131. Mechanisms of metastasis.
    Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000 Sep;25(6):482-9 PMID: 11044183
  132. RaSH, a rapid subtraction hybridization approach for identifying and cloning differentially expressed genes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12684-9 PMID: 11058161
  133. Series introduction: the transcription factor NF-kappaB and human disease.
    J Clin Invest. 2001 Jan;107(1):3-6 PMID: 11134170
  134. Cross-talk between Ras and Rho signalling pathways in transformation favours proliferation and increased motility.
    EMBO J. 2001 Feb 15;20(4):755-66 PMID: 11179220
  135. Control of oncogenesis and cancer therapy resistance by the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
    J Clin Invest. 2001 Feb;107(3):241-6 PMID: 11160144
  136. HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes:: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990-1998.
    Neurology. 2001 Jan 23;56(2):257-60 PMID: 11160967
  137. Signal transduction and the Ets family of transcription factors.
    Oncogene. 2000 Dec 18;19(55):6503-13 PMID: 11175366
  138. Control of synapse number by glia.
    Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):657-61 PMID: 11158678
  139. Nicotinic cholinergic signaling in hippocampal astrocytes involves calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular stores.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98(7):4148-53 PMID: 11259680
  140. Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia.
    Nature. 2001 Apr 19;410(6831):988-94 PMID: 11309629
  141. Cloning and characterization of human ubiquitin-processing protease-43 from terminally differentiated human melanoma cells using a rapid subtraction hybridization protocol RaSH.
    Gene. 2001 Apr 18;267(2):233-42 PMID: 11313150
  142. A genetically tractable model of human glioma formation.
    Cancer Res. 2001 May 1;61(9):3556-60 PMID: 11325817
  143. Control of glutamate clearance and synaptic efficacy by glial coverage of neurons.
    Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):923-6 PMID: 11340204
  144. The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface.
    Nature. 2001 May 17;411(6835):375-9 PMID: 11357145
  145. FLT3, RAS, and TP53 mutations in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
    Blood. 2001 Jun 1;97(11):3589-95 PMID: 11369655
  146. Cloning of differentially expressed genes in an HIV-1 resistant T cell clone by rapid subtraction hybridization, RaSH.
    Gene. 2001 May 16;269(1-2):93-101 PMID: 11376941
  147. CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFalpha: amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity.
    Nat Neurosci. 2001 Jul;4(7):702-10 PMID: 11426226
  148. Injury induces dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells and increased matrix-degrading metalloproteinase activity in human saphenous vein.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Jul;21(7):1146-51 PMID: 11451743
  149. The multifaceted roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in cellular signaling.
    Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Nov;65(4):391-426 PMID: 11527574
  150. Rho family proteins: coordinating cell responses.
    Trends Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;11(12):471-7 PMID: 11719051
  151. Na+ dependent glutamate transporters (EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3) in primary astrocyte cultures: effect of oxidative stress.
    Brain Res. 2001 Dec 13;922(1):21-9 PMID: 11730698
  152. Curcumin downregulates cell survival mechanisms in human prostate cancer cell lines.
    Oncogene. 2001 Nov 15;20(52):7597-609 PMID: 11753638
Article Info
Journal
Pharmacology & therapeutics
Abbr.
Pharmacol Ther
ISSN
0163-7258
DOI
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.010
Published
2007-05-00
Epub
2007-00-24
Pages
155-70
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
7905840
PMCID
PMC2039930
Subset
IM
Grants
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA035675 · United States
NINDS NIH HHS · P01 NS031492 · United States
NINDS NIH HHS · P01 NS31492 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA35675 · United States
NINDS NIH HHS · P01 NS031492-14 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA035675-20 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA035675-19 · United States
NINDS NIH HHS · P01 NS031492-110007 · United States
NIDA NIH HHS · R01 DA017618 · United States
Corrections
ErratumIn
-
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.010 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2