Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 16912322 Published · ppublish English Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Antibody responses elicited in macaques immunized with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) SF162-derived gp140 envelope immunogens: comparison with those elicited during homologous simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P4 and heterologous HIV-1 infection.

Journal of virology ·Vol. 80 ·No. 17 ·2006-09-00 ·Pages 8745-62

Derby NR, Kraft Z, Kan E, Crooks ET, Barnett SW, Srivastava IK, Binley JM, Stamatatos L

Abstract

The antibody responses elicited in rhesus macaques immunized with soluble human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env gp140 proteins derived from the R5-tropic HIV-1 SF162 virus were analyzed and compared to the broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses elicited during chronic infection of a macaque with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) expressing the HIV-1 SF162 Env, SHIV(SF162P4), and humans infected with heterologous HIV-1 isolates. Four gp140 immunogens were evaluated: SF162gp140, DeltaV2gp140 (lacking the crown of the V2 loop), DeltaV3gp140 (lacking the crown of the V3 loop), and DeltaV2DeltaV3gp140 (lacking both the V2 and V3 loop crowns). SF162gp140 and DeltaV2gp140 have been previously evaluated by our group in a pilot study, but here, a more comprehensive analysis of their immunogenic properties was performed. All four gp140 immunogens elicited stronger anti-gp120 than anti-gp41 antibodies and potent homologous neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that primarily targeted the first hypervariable region (V1 loop) of gp120, although SF162gp140 also elicited anti-V3 NAbs. Heterologous NAbs were elicited by SF162gp140 and DeltaV2gp140 but were weak in potency and narrow in specificity. No heterologous NAbs were elicited by DeltaV3gp140 or DeltaV2DeltaV3gp140. In contrast, the SHIV(SF162P4)-infected macaque and HIV-infected humans generated similar titers of anti-gp120 and anti-gp41 antibodies and NAbs of significant breadth against primary HIV-1 isolates, which did not target the V1 loop. The difference in V1 loop immunogenicity between soluble gp140 and virion-associated gp160 Env proteins derived from SF162 may be the basis for the observed difference in the breadth of neutralization in sera from the immunized and infected animals studied here.

MeSH Terms
AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage,immunology Animals Antibodies, Viral/blood Gene Products, env/genetics,immunology HIV Antibodies/blood HIV Infections/immunology,prevention & control,virology HIV-1/immunology Humans Immune Sera/immunology Immunization Macaca mulatta Neutralization Tests SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage,immunology Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Chemicals
AIDS Vaccines Antibodies, Viral Gene Products, env HIV Antibodies Immune Sera SAIDS Vaccines env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp140 envelope protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1
Authors & Affiliations
8 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Derby Nina R
Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, WA 98109, USA.
Kraft Zane
Kan Elaine
Crooks Emma T
Barnett Susan W
Srivastava Indresh K
Binley James M
Stamatatos Leonidas
References (95)
95 references, click to expand
  1. Broadly cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing human monoclonal Fab selected for binding to gp120-CD4-CCR5 complexes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 14;99(10):6913-8 PMID: 11997472
  2. The mannose-dependent epitope for neutralizing antibody 2G12 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp120.
    J Virol. 2002 Jul;76(14):7293-305 PMID: 12072528
  3. The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha1-->2 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120.
    J Virol. 2002 Jul;76(14):7306-21 PMID: 12072529
  4. Efficient isolation of novel human monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity against HIV-1 from transgenic mice expressing human Ig loci.
    J Immunol. 2002 Jul 1;169(1):595-605 PMID: 12077293
  5. Oligomeric and conformational properties of a proteolytically mature, disulfide-stabilized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp140 envelope glycoprotein.
    J Virol. 2002 Aug;76(15):7760-76 PMID: 12097589
  6. Oligomeric structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein on the virion surface.
    J Virol. 2002 Aug;76(15):7863-7 PMID: 12097599
  7. Human monoclonal antibodies specific for conformation-sensitive epitopes of V3 neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates from various clades.
    J Virol. 2002 Sep;76(18):9035-45 PMID: 12186887
  8. Enhancement of alpha -helicity in the HIV-1 inhibitory peptide DP178 leads to an increased affinity for human monoclonal antibody 2F5 but does not elicit neutralizing responses in vitro. Implications for vaccine design.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 29;277(48):45811-20 PMID: 12237296
  9. Interactions of human antibodies, epitope exposure, antibody binding and neutralization of primary isolate HIV-1 virions.
    AIDS. 2002 Dec 6;16(18):2409-17 PMID: 12461414
  10. Heterogeneity of envelope molecules expressed on primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles as probed by the binding of neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies.
    J Virol. 2003 Jan;77(1):353-65 PMID: 12477840
  11. Fine mapping of the interaction of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies with the CD4 binding site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120.
    J Virol. 2003 Jan;77(1):642-58 PMID: 12477867
  12. Immunogenicity and ability of variable loop-deleted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins to elicit neutralizing antibodies.
    Virology. 2003 Jan 5;305(1):124-37 PMID: 12504547
  13. Changes in the immunogenic properties of soluble gp140 human immunodeficiency virus envelope constructs upon partial deletion of the second hypervariable region.
    J Virol. 2003 Feb;77(4):2310-20 PMID: 12551968
  14. Induction of primary virus-cross-reactive human immunodeficiency virus type 1-neutralizing antibodies in small animals by using an alphavirus-derived in vivo expression system.
    J Virol. 2003 Mar;77(5):3119-30 PMID: 12584337
  15. Hyperglycosylated mutants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 monomeric gp120 as novel antigens for HIV vaccine design.
    J Virol. 2003 May;77(10):5889-901 PMID: 12719582
  16. A novel human antibody against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 is V1, V2, and V3 loop dependent and helps delimit the epitope of the broadly neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin G1 b12.
    J Virol. 2003 Jun;77(12):6965-78 PMID: 12768015
  17. Purification, characterization, and immunogenicity of a soluble trimeric envelope protein containing a partial deletion of the V2 loop derived from SF162, an R5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate.
    J Virol. 2003 Oct;77(20):11244-59 PMID: 14512572
  18. A single injection of recombinant measles virus vaccines expressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 clade B envelope glycoproteins induces neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to HIV.
    J Virol. 2004 Jan;78(1):146-57 PMID: 14671096
  19. Electron tomography analysis of envelope glycoprotein trimers on HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus virions.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15812-7 PMID: 14668432
  20. The v3 loop is accessible on the surface of most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates and serves as a neutralization epitope.
    J Virol. 2004 Mar;78(5):2394-404 PMID: 14963135
  21. Priming B cell-mediated anti-HIV envelope responses by vaccination allows for the long-term control of infection in macaques exposed to a R5-tropic SHIV.
    Virology. 2004 Mar 1;320(1):167-80 PMID: 15003872
  22. Selective modification of variable loops alters tropism and enhances immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope.
    J Virol. 2004 Apr;78(8):4029-36 PMID: 15047819
  23. Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies with DNA vaccines expressing soluble stabilized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein trimers conjugated to C3d.
    J Virol. 2004 May;78(9):4710-9 PMID: 15078953
  24. Importance of hypervariable regions of HIV-1 gp120 in the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990 Jul;6(7):855-69 PMID: 2390335
  25. An IgG human monoclonal antibody that reacts with HIV-1/GP120, inhibits virus binding to cells, and neutralizes infection.
    J Immunol. 1991 Jun 15;146(12):4325-32 PMID: 1710248
  26. Effect of intron A from human cytomegalovirus (Towne) immediate-early gene on heterologous expression in mammalian cells.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Jul 25;19(14):3979-86 PMID: 1650459
  27. Epitope mapping of two immunodominant domains of gp41, the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, using ten human monoclonal antibodies.
    J Virol. 1991 Sep;65(9):4832-8 PMID: 1714520
  28. Characterization of a discontinuous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitope recognized by a broadly reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibody.
    J Virol. 1991 Nov;65(11):6188-93 PMID: 1717717
  29. Another discontinuous epitope on glycoprotein gp120 that is important in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization is identified by a monoclonal antibody.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 15;88(20):8949-52 PMID: 1717992
  30. Neutralization of diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants by an anti-V3 human monoclonal antibody.
    J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7538-42 PMID: 1433529
  31. Repertoire of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies specific for the V3 domain of HIV-1 gp120.
    J Immunol. 1993 Jan 15;150(2):635-43 PMID: 7678279
  32. Effect of amino acid changes in the V1/V2 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein on subunit association, syncytium formation, and recognition by a neutralizing antibody.
    J Virol. 1993 Jun;67(6):3674-9 PMID: 8497077
  33. Characterization of antibody responses elicited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate trimeric and monomeric envelope glycoproteins in selected adjuvants.
    J Virol. 2006 Feb;80(3):1414-26 PMID: 16415019
  34. Nature of nonfunctional envelope proteins on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
    J Virol. 2006 Mar;80(5):2515-28 PMID: 16474158
  35. Characterizing anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies and immune sera by defining the mechanism of neutralization.
    Hum Antibodies. 2005;14(3-4):101-13 PMID: 16720980
  36. Immunization with HIV-1 SF162-derived Envelope gp140 proteins does not protect macaques from heterologous simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P infection.
    Virology. 2006 Jun 5;349(2):276-89 PMID: 16527321
  37. Effect of partial and complete variable loop deletions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein on the breadth of gp160-specific immune responses.
    Virology. 2004 Jan 20;318(2):493-506 PMID: 14972518
  38. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp140.
    J Virol. 2001 Jan;75(2):645-53 PMID: 11134278
  39. Improved elicitation of neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency viruses by soluble stabilized envelope glycoprotein trimers.
    J Virol. 2001 Feb;75(3):1165-71 PMID: 11152489
  40. The ability of an oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigen to elicit neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates is improved following partial deletion of the second hypervariable region.
    J Virol. 2001 Jun;75(12):5526-40 PMID: 11356960
  41. Postnatal passive immunization of neonatal macaques with a triple combination of human monoclonal antibodies against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge.
    J Virol. 2001 Aug;75(16):7470-80 PMID: 11462019
  42. Effect of soluble CD4 on exposure of epitopes on primary, intact, native human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions of different genetic clades.
    J Virol. 2001 Aug;75(16):7785-8 PMID: 11462056
  43. Antibody protects macaques against vaginal challenge with a pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency virus at serum levels giving complete neutralization in vitro.
    J Virol. 2001 Sep;75(17):8340-7 PMID: 11483779
  44. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeted to the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp41.
    J Virol. 2001 Nov;75(22):10892-905 PMID: 11602729
  45. Construction of recombinant targeting immunogens incorporating an HIV-1 neutralizing epitope into sites of differing conformational constraint.
    Vaccine. 2002 Jan 15;20(7-8):1169-80 PMID: 11803079
  46. Modified HIV envelope proteins with enhanced binding to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.
    Virology. 2005 Jan 5;331(1):20-32 PMID: 15582650
  47. Analysis of the neutralizing antibody response elicited in rabbits by repeated inoculation with trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins.
    Virology. 2005 Jan 5;331(1):33-46 PMID: 15582651
  48. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus envelope glycoprotein.
    J Virol. 2005 Jan;79(2):1154-63 PMID: 15613343
  49. Improved design of an antigen with enhanced specificity for the broadly HIV-neutralizing antibody b12.
    Protein Eng Des Sel. 2004 Oct;17(10):749-58 PMID: 15542540
  50. Comparison of HIV Type 1 ADA gp120 monomers versus gp140 trimers as immunogens for the induction of neutralizing antibodies.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005 Jan;21(1):58-67 PMID: 15665645
  51. Conformational constraints imposed on a pan-neutralizing HIV-1 antibody epitope result in increased antigenicity but not neutralizing response.
    Vaccine. 2005 Feb 18;23(13):1559-73 PMID: 15694508
  52. Structure of an unliganded simian immunodeficiency virus gp120 core.
    Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):834-41 PMID: 15729334
  53. Identification of a new quaternary neutralizing epitope on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virus particles.
    J Virol. 2005 Apr;79(8):5232-7 PMID: 15795308
  54. A recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein complex stabilized by an intermolecular disulfide bond between the gp120 and gp41 subunits is an antigenic mimic of the trimeric virion-associated structure.
    J Virol. 2000 Jan;74(2):627-43 PMID: 10623724
  55. Protection of macaques against vaginal transmission of a pathogenic HIV-1/SIV chimeric virus by passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies.
    Nat Med. 2000 Feb;6(2):207-10 PMID: 10655111
  56. Variable-loop-deleted variants of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein can be stabilized by an intermolecular disulfide bond between the gp120 and gp41 subunits.
    J Virol. 2000 Jun;74(11):5091-100 PMID: 10799583
  57. Generation and structural analysis of soluble oligomeric gp140 envelope proteins derived from neutralization-resistant and neutralization-susceptible primary HIV type 1 isolates.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2000 Jul 1;16(10):981-94 PMID: 10890360
  58. V2 loop glycosylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162 envelope facilitates interaction of this protein with CD4 and CCR5 receptors and protects the virus from neutralization by anti-V3 loop and anti-CD4 binding site antibodies.
    J Virol. 2000 Aug;74(15):6769-76 PMID: 10888615
  59. Characterization of conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 neutralization epitopes exposed upon gp120-CD4 binding.
    J Virol. 1993 Jul;67(7):3978-88 PMID: 7685405
  60. Functional and immunologic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins containing deletions of the major variable regions.
    J Virol. 1993 Aug;67(8):4557-65 PMID: 8331723
  61. Presentation of native epitopes in the V1/V2 and V3 regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 by fusion glycoproteins containing isolated gp120 domains.
    J Virol. 1994 Jan;68(1):400-10 PMID: 7504740
  62. Recognition properties of a panel of human recombinant Fab fragments to the CD4 binding site of gp120 that show differing abilities to neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
    J Virol. 1994 Aug;68(8):4821-8 PMID: 7518527
  63. Neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates by the broadly reactive anti-V3 monoclonal antibody, 447-52D.
    J Virol. 1994 Nov;68(11):6994-7000 PMID: 7933081
  64. Efficient neutralization of primary isolates of HIV-1 by a recombinant human monoclonal antibody.
    Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1024-7 PMID: 7973652
  65. A trimeric structural domain of the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein.
    Nat Struct Biol. 1995 Dec;2(12):1075-82 PMID: 8846219
  66. Immunogenic presentation of a conserved gp41 epitope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on recombinant surface antigen of hepatitis B virus.
    J Gen Virol. 1996 Sep;77 ( Pt 9):2001-8 PMID: 8810996
  67. Immunogenicity of full length and truncated forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type I envelope glycoprotein.
    Immunol Lett. 1996 Jun;51(1-2):101-5 PMID: 8811352
  68. Refocusing neutralizing antibody response by targeted dampening of an immunodominant epitope.
    J Immunol. 1997 Jul 1;159(1):279-89 PMID: 9200464
  69. A tyrosine-rich region in the N terminus of CCR5 is important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and mediates an association between gp120 and CCR5.
    J Virol. 1998 Feb;72(2):1160-4 PMID: 9445013
  70. Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein with and without deletions in the V1/2 and V3 regions.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 Jan 20;14(2):151-5 PMID: 9462925
  71. The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens.
    Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1884-8 PMID: 9632381
  72. An envelope modification that renders a primary, neutralization-resistant clade B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate highly susceptible to neutralization by sera from other clades.
    J Virol. 1998 Oct;72(10):7840-5 PMID: 9733820
  73. Effect of major deletions in the V1 and V2 loops of a macrophage-tropic HIV type 1 isolate on viral envelope structure, cell entry, and replication.
    AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 Sep 1;14(13):1129-39 PMID: 9737584
  74. Mapping of epitopes exposed on intact human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions: a new strategy for studying the immunologic relatedness of HIV-1.
    J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):9384-91 PMID: 9765494
  75. Comparison of the antibody repertoire generated in healthy volunteers following immunization with a monomeric recombinant gp120 construct derived from a CCR5/CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate with sera from naturally infected individuals.
    J Virol. 1999 Feb;73(2):1740-5 PMID: 9882391
  76. Neutralizing antibody directed against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein can completely block HIV-1/SIV chimeric virus infections of macaque monkeys.
    Nat Med. 1999 Feb;5(2):204-10 PMID: 9930869
  77. Protection of Macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies.
    J Virol. 1999 May;73(5):4009-18 PMID: 10196297
  78. Epitope insertion into variable loops of HIV-1 gp120 as a potential means to improve immunogenicity of viral envelope protein.
    Vaccine. 1999 Jul 16;17(22):2862-72 PMID: 10438057
  79. Minimal incidence of serum antibodies reactive with intact primary isolate virions in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals.
    J Virol. 1999 Nov;73(11):9638-41 PMID: 10516076
  80. Comprehensive cross-clade neutralization analysis of a panel of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 monoclonal antibodies.
    J Virol. 2004 Dec;78(23):13232-52 PMID: 15542675
  81. Expanded breadth of virus neutralization after immunization with a multiclade envelope HIV vaccine candidate.
    Vaccine. 2005 May 16;23(26):3434-45 PMID: 15837367
  82. Antigenic conservation and immunogenicity of the HIV coreceptor binding site.
    J Exp Med. 2005 May 2;201(9):1407-19 PMID: 15867093
  83. Evaluating the immunogenicity of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
    J Virol. 2005 Jul;79(14):8812-27 PMID: 15994775
  84. The V1, V2, and V3 regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope differentially affect the viral phenotype in an isolate-dependent manner.
    J Virol. 2005 Jul;79(14):9069-80 PMID: 15994801
  85. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env clones from acute and early subtype B infections for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies.
    J Virol. 2005 Aug;79(16):10108-25 PMID: 16051804
  86. Biochemical and immunogenic characterization of soluble human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein trimers expressed by semliki forest virus.
    J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(17):10902-14 PMID: 16103142
  87. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B ancestral envelope protein is functional and elicits neutralizing antibodies in rabbits similar to those elicited by a circulating subtype B envelope.
    J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(17):11214-24 PMID: 16103173
  88. Comparing antigenicity and immunogenicity of engineered gp120.
    J Virol. 2005 Oct;79(19):12148-63 PMID: 16160142
  89. Structure of the Fab fragment of F105, a broadly reactive anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody that recognizes the CD4 binding site of HIV type 1 gp120.
    J Virol. 2005 Oct;79(20):13060-9 PMID: 16189008
  90. Induction of neutralizing antibody against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by immunization with gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) fused with porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) p15E fragment.
    Vaccine. 2006 Jan 23;24(4):435-42 PMID: 16143433
  91. Conserved and exposed epitopes on intact, native, primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions of group M.
    J Virol. 2000 Aug;74(15):7096-107 PMID: 10888650
  92. Immunoreactivity of intact virions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reveals the existence of fewer HIV-1 immunotypes than genotypes.
    J Virol. 2000 Nov;74(22):10670-80 PMID: 11044111
  93. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of the HIV-1 gp41 epitope ELDKWA inserted into permissive sites of the MalE protein.
    Vaccine. 2000 Nov 22;19(7-8):684-93 PMID: 11115689
  94. Enhancing the proteolytic maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins.
    J Virol. 2002 Mar;76(6):2606-16 PMID: 11861826
  95. Modifications of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein enhance immunogenicity for genetic immunization.
    J Virol. 2002 Jun;76(11):5357-68 PMID: 11991964
Article Info
Journal
Journal of virology
Abbr.
J Virol
ISSN
0022-538X
DOI
10.1128/JVI.00956-06
Published
2006-09-00
Pages
8745-62
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0113724
PMCID
PMC1563892
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · T32 AI007509 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI047708 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R56 AI058763 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI058763 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R56 AI047708 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI51217 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI007509 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI47708 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI051217 · United States
Corrections
ErratumIn
-
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00956-06 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2