Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 16614255 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Burn wound infections.

Clinical microbiology reviews ·Vol. 19 ·No. 2 ·2006-04-00 ·Pages 403-34

Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, Winston B, Lindsay R

Abstract

Burns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious thermal injury require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Significant thermal injuries induce a state of immunosuppression that predisposes burn patients to infectious complications. A current summary of the classifications of burn wound infections, including their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, is given. Early excision of the eschar has substantially decreased the incidence of invasive burn wound infection and secondary sepsis, but most deaths in severely burn-injured patients are still due to burn wound sepsis or complications due to inhalation injury. Burn patients are also at risk for developing sepsis secondary to pneumonia, catheter-related infections, and suppurative thrombophlebitis. The introduction of silver-impregnated devices (e.g., central lines and Foley urinary catheters) may reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections due to prolonged placement of these devices. Improved outcomes for severely burned patients have been attributed to medical advances in fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, pulmonary and burn wound care, and infection control practices.

MeSH Terms
Administration, Topical Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage,therapeutic use Burn Units/standards Burns/complications Burns, Inhalation/complications Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects Cross Infection/prevention & control Fluid Therapy Humans Infection Control Pneumonia/etiology Sepsis/etiology Suppuration/pathology Thrombophlebitis/etiology,pathology Wound Infection/classification,etiology,therapy
Chemicals
Anti-Infective Agents
Authors & Affiliations
5 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Church Deirdre
Calgary Laboratory Services, 9-3535 Research Rd. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2L 2K8. Deirdre.church@cls.ab.ca
Elsayed Sameer
Reid Owen
Winston Brent
Lindsay Robert
References (444)
444 references, click to expand
  1. Outcome for older burn patients.
    Arch Surg. 2000 Mar;135(3):320-5 PMID: 10722035
  2. Epidemiology of burn unit infections in children.
    Am J Infect Control. 2003 Oct;31(6):342-6 PMID: 14608300
  3. IL-6 is an antiinflammatory cytokine required for controlling local or systemic acute inflammatory responses.
    J Clin Invest. 1998 Jan 15;101(2):311-20 PMID: 9435302
  4. Burn wound infections: current status.
    World J Surg. 1998 Feb;22(2):135-45 PMID: 9451928
  5. Burn-wound management.
    Heart Lung. 1973 Sep-Oct;2(5):690-5 PMID: 4582569
  6. Burn-wound infection with viruses.
    N Engl J Med. 1970 May 28;282(22):1272 PMID: 5442647
  7. Thermal trauma.
    Nurs Clin North Am. 1990 Mar;25(1):85-117 PMID: 2179896
  8. Current treatment recommendations for topical burn therapy.
    Drugs. 1990 Sep;40(3):364-73 PMID: 2226220
  9. The role of inhalation injury in burn trauma. A Canadian experience.
    Ann Surg. 1990 Dec;212(6):720-7 PMID: 2256764
  10. Infection in burns. II. The pathogenicity of streptococci.
    Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1954 Jun;98(6):693-9 PMID: 13168833
  11. Studies on the occurrence and significance of yeasts and fungi in the burn wound.
    Ann Surg. 1972 Jul;176(1):108-10 PMID: 5037810
  12. Host defense peptides in burns.
    Burns. 2004 Nov;30(7):619-27 PMID: 15475133
  13. The immunologic response to thermal injury.
    World J Surg. 1992 Jan-Feb;16(1):53-6 PMID: 1290267
  14. Rapid quantification of bacterial and fungal growth in burn wounds: biopsy homogenate Gram stain versus microbial culture results.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1988 Jun;14(3):180-4 PMID: 2458806
  15. Invasive burn wound infection due to Curvularia species.
    Burns. 1993 Feb;19(1):77-9 PMID: 8435123
  16. Hypertrophic burn scars: analysis of variables.
    J Trauma. 1983 Oct;23(10):895-8 PMID: 6632013
  17. Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients.
    J Trauma. 1979 Sep;19(9):641-8 PMID: 385911
  18. Candidiasis in the burned patient.
    J Trauma. 1981 Mar;21(3):237-9 PMID: 7218386
  19. Bacterial toxicosis/toxic shock syndrome as a contributor to morbidity in children with burn injuries.
    Burns. 2003 Nov;29(7):733-8 PMID: 14556735
  20. Early laminar excision: improved control of burn wound sepsis by partial dermatome debridement.
    J Pediatr Surg. 1978 Dec;13(6D):698-706 PMID: 366094
  21. The role of Acticoat with nanocrystalline silver in the management of burns.
    Burns. 2004 Jul;30 Suppl 1:S1-9 PMID: 15327800
  22. Hypernatremic suppression of neutrophils.
    Burns. 1997 Jun;23(4):338-40 PMID: 9248644
  23. Effect of early excision on patients with major thermal injury.
    J Trauma. 1987 Feb;27(2):205-7 PMID: 3820353
  24. HIV seropositivity in a burn center's population.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 Mar-Apr;19(2):138-41 PMID: 9556317
  25. The Staphylococcus aureus "superbug".
    J Clin Invest. 2004 Dec;114(12):1693-6 PMID: 15599392
  26. Association of endotoxemia and bacteremia in burn patients: a prospective study.
    Prog Clin Biol Res. 1979;29:275-8 PMID: 504259
  27. Linezolid resistance in sequential Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with a T2500A mutation in the 23S rRNA gene and loss of a single copy of rRNA.
    J Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 15;190(2):311-7 PMID: 15216466
  28. Benefit-cost analysis of moist exposed burn ointment.
    Burns. 2002 Nov;28(7):659-63 PMID: 12417161
  29. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities.
    Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002;56:187-209 PMID: 12142477
  30. Significant reductions in mortality for children with burn injuries through the use of prompt eschar excision.
    Ann Surg. 1988 Nov;208(5):577-85 PMID: 3190284
  31. Diagnosis of bacterial infections of the lung.
    Clin Chest Med. 1987 Mar;8(1):119-34 PMID: 3552385
  32. IL-10 inhibits transcription of cytokine genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
    J Immunol. 1994 Jul 15;153(2):811-6 PMID: 8021515
  33. Herpes simplex burn wound infections: epidemiology of a case cluster and responses to acyclovir therapy.
    Surgery. 1985 Aug;98(2):338-43 PMID: 4023925
  34. Infections following burn injury.
    Surg Clin North Am. 1980 Feb;60(1):185-96 PMID: 7361221
  35. Comparison between moist swab and tissue biopsy methods for quantitation of bacteria in experimental incisional wounds.
    J Trauma. 1979 Feb;19(2):103-5 PMID: 368348
  36. Early surgical excision versus conventional therapy in patients with 20 to 40 percent burns. A comparative study.
    Am J Surg. 1982 Jul;144(1):76-80 PMID: 7046487
  37. The effect of burn nursing units on burn wound infections.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2002 Jul-Aug;23(4):281-6; discussion 280 PMID: 12142583
  38. Candida biofilms: antifungal resistance and emerging therapeutic options.
    Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Feb;5(2):186-97 PMID: 15043393
  39. The quantitative swab culture and smear: A quick, simple method for determining the number of viable aerobic bacteria on open wounds.
    J Trauma. 1976 Feb;16(2):89-94 PMID: 1255833
  40. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients with burns.
    Am J Infect Control. 1997 Jun;25(3):195-201 PMID: 9202814
  41. North American survey of hydrotherapy in modern burn care.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1994 Mar-Apr;15(2):143-6 PMID: 8195254
  42. Delayed hypersensitivity status of burned patients.
    Surg Forum. 1966;17:268-70 PMID: 5920923
  43. An outbreak of extended-spectrum, beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella senftenberg in a burns ward.
    J Hosp Infect. 1998 Dec;40(4):295-302 PMID: 9868622
  44. Mechanisms of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus: functional molecules, regulatory circuits, and adaptive responses.
    Int J Med Microbiol. 2004 Sep;294(2-3):203-12 PMID: 15493831
  45. Inadequate interleukin 2 production. A fundamental immunological deficiency in patients with major burns.
    Ann Surg. 1984 Sep;200(3):311-20 PMID: 6331804
  46. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adult acute respiratory distress syndrome: a decade of progress.
    Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar;33(3 Suppl):S113-4 PMID: 15753715
  47. Fatal systemic mycotic infections in the burned child.
    J Trauma. 1977 Apr;17(4):320-2 PMID: 857051
  48. Eradication of Candida burn wound septicemia in massively burned patients.
    J Trauma. 1988 Feb;28(2):140-5 PMID: 3279219
  49. Cutaneous herpetic infections complicating burns.
    Burns. 2000 Nov;26(7):621-4 PMID: 10925184
  50. Burn units as a source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
    JAMA. 1983 May 27;249(20):2803-7 PMID: 6551460
  51. Precise diagnosis of infection in burn wound biopsy specimens. Combination of histologic technique, acridine orange staining, and culture.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1989 May-Jun;10(3):195-202 PMID: 2473075
  52. Infections in burn patients: a paradigm for cutaneous infection in the patient at risk.
    Am J Med. 1984 May 15;76(5A):158-65 PMID: 6372465
  53. Infectious complications: prevention and strategies for their control.
    Nurs Clin North Am. 1997 Jun;32(2):297-309 PMID: 9115478
  54. Emergence of vancomycin resistance during therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a burn patient--importance of low-level resistance to vancomycin.
    Int J Infect Dis. 2002 Dec;6(4):302-8 PMID: 12718825
  55. Gentamicin and tobramycin penetration into burn eschar. Pharmacokinetics and microbiological effects.
    Arch Surg. 1983 Mar;118(3):295-302 PMID: 6824430
  56. Additive effects of thermal injury and infection on gut permeability.
    Arch Surg. 1994 Mar;129(3):325-8 PMID: 8129610
  57. Long-term management of the burn patient.
    Mod Treat. 1967 Nov;4(6):1282-90 PMID: 4965874
  58. Silver absorption and antibacterial efficacy of silver dressings.
    J Wound Care. 2005 Apr;14(4):155-60 PMID: 15835225
  59. Bacterial translocation: clinical implications and prevention.
    Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2002 Sep;32(5):1165-78 PMID: 12380171
  60. Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients.
    Surgery. 1978 May;83(5):523-7 PMID: 347612
  61. Cultured skin substitutes reduce donor skin harvesting for closure of excised, full-thickness burns.
    Ann Surg. 2002 Feb;235(2):269-79 PMID: 11807368
  62. The influence of inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment on patients with bloodstream infections in an intensive care unit.
    Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 May;9(5):412-8 PMID: 12848754
  63. Determinants of mortality in pediatric patients with greater than 70% full-thickness total body surface area thermal injury treated by early total excision and grafting.
    J Trauma. 1987 Feb;27(2):208-12 PMID: 3546714
  64. Central venous catheter-related bacteraemia in burn patients.
    Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30(6):585-9 PMID: 10225387
  65. Trichosporon beigelii septicaemia in a burn patient.
    Burns. 1994 Oct;20(5):467-8 PMID: 7999281
  66. Treatment of smoke-induced pulmonary injury with nebulized dimethylsulfoxide.
    Circ Shock. 1988 Aug;25(4):333-41 PMID: 2458858
  67. Improving survival: infection control and burns.
    AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1993 May;4(2):414-23 PMID: 8489887
  68. Burns in the disabled.
    Burns. 1993 Jun;19(3):192-7 PMID: 8507362
  69. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of ACTICOAT antimicrobial barrier dressing.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1999 May-Jun;20(3):195-200 PMID: 10342470
  70. Herpes simplex virus infection in burned patients: epidemiology of 11 cases.
    Burns. 1996 Jun;22(4):287-90 PMID: 8781721
  71. Pulmonary injury in burned patients.
    Surg Clin North Am. 1987 Feb;67(1):31-46 PMID: 3544266
  72. Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on the immune response.
    Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992 Apr;36(3):201-20 PMID: 1574967
  73. Gamma interferon enhances macrophage transcription of the tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin 1, and urokinase genes, which are controlled by short-lived repressors.
    J Exp Med. 1986 Dec 1;164(6):2113-8 PMID: 3097240
  74. The frequency of bacteremia and fungemia following wound cleaning and excision in patients with large burns.
    J Trauma. 1993 Nov;35(5):742-9 PMID: 8230340
  75. Burn depth and its histological measurement.
    Burns. 2001 Mar;27(2):154-60 PMID: 11226654
  76. Differential expression of the beta2-adrenergic receptor by Th1 and Th2 clones: implications for cytokine production and B cell help.
    J Immunol. 1997 May 1;158(9):4200-10 PMID: 9126981
  77. Does bronchoalveolar lavage enhance our ability to treat ventilator-associated pneumonia in a trauma-burn intensive care unit?
    J Trauma. 2003 Apr;54(4):633-8; discussion 638-9 PMID: 12707523
  78. Are burn wound biopsies obsolete? A comparative study of bacterial quantitation in burn patients using the absorbent disc and biopsy techniques.
    Ann Plast Surg. 1984 Nov;13(5):388-95 PMID: 6440465
  79. Gut epithelial apoptosis after severe burn: effects of gut hypoperfusion.
    J Am Coll Surg. 2000 Mar;190(3):281-7 PMID: 10703852
  80. Monitoring of the burn patient.
    Clin Plast Surg. 1986 Jan;13(1):21-7 PMID: 3956080
  81. IL-1 expression in human monocytes is transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated by IL-4.
    J Immunol. 1991 May 15;146(10):3431-6 PMID: 2026872
  82. Serum-mediated inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function following burn injury.
    Ann Surg. 1981 Nov;194(5):568-75 PMID: 7294928
  83. Sequence of morphologic events in experimental smoke inhalation.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1989 Jan-Feb;10(1):27-37 PMID: 2921256
  84. Changes of microbial flora and wound colonization in burned patients.
    Burns. 2004 Jun;30(4):357-61 PMID: 15145194
  85. Early excision and grafting vs. nonoperative treatment of burns of indeterminant depth: a randomized prospective study.
    J Trauma. 1983 Nov;23(11):1001-4 PMID: 6355500
  86. Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with burns.
    Ann Surg. 1977 Dec;186(6):746-8 PMID: 603278
  87. Laser Doppler imaging determines need for excision and grafting in advance of clinical judgment: a prospective blinded trial.
    Burns. 2003 Nov;29(7):665-70 PMID: 14556723
  88. Predisposing factors for self-inflicted burns.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003 Jul-Aug;24(4):223-7 PMID: 14501416
  89. Early and late fatal complications of inhalation injury.
    Acta Chir Plast. 2002;44(2):51-4 PMID: 12197161
  90. Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: a survey.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1988 Nov-Dec;9(6):606-9 PMID: 3220867
  91. Usefulness of blood cultures in confirming septic complications in burn patients: evaluation of a new culture method.
    J Trauma. 1975 Aug;15(8):657-62 PMID: 807739
  92. Severe electrical injury.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1989 Feb;15(1):60-3 PMID: 2720458
  93. Pseudomonas infections in the thermally injured patient.
    Burns. 2004 Feb;30(1):3-26 PMID: 14693082
  94. Management of burn wounds with prompt excision and immediate closure.
    J Intensive Care Med. 1994 Jan;9(1):6-17 PMID: 10146651
  95. Ventilatory support following burns and smoke-inhalation injury.
    Respir Care Clin N Am. 1997 Mar;3(1):21-49 PMID: 9390901
  96. A wound-isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows a biofilm in vitro within 10 hours and is visualized by light microscopy.
    Dermatol Surg. 2003 Jun;29(6):631-5 PMID: 12786708
  97. Evaluation of the penetration strength, bactericidal efficacy and spectrum of action of several antimicrobial creams against isolated microorganisms in a burn centre.
    Burns. 1992 Feb;18(1):39-44 PMID: 1558672
  98. Chemical burns.
    Can J Surg. 1996 Jun;39(3):205-11 PMID: 8640619
  99. An outbreak of infections with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in burn patients: contamination of patients' mattresses.
    J Infect Dis. 1985 Feb;151(2):252-8 PMID: 3968451
  100. Aeromonas hydrophila in burn patients.
    Burns. 1998 Jun;24(4):350-3 PMID: 9688201
  101. Comparison of wound culture and bronchial lavage in the severely burned child: implications for antimicrobial therapy.
    Arch Surg. 1998 Dec;133(12):1275-80 PMID: 9865643
  102. Wound care of the pediatric burn patient.
    AACN Clin Issues. 2003 Nov;14(4):429-41 PMID: 14595202
  103. Concurrent outbreak of multidrug-resistant and susceptible subclones of Acinetobacter baumannii affecting different wards of a single hospital.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005 Jan;26(1):69-75 PMID: 15693411
  104. Combined use of a collagen-based dermal substitute and a fibrin-based cultured epithelium: a step toward a total skin replacement for acute wounds.
    Burns. 2004 Nov;30(7):713-9 PMID: 15475148
  105. Incidence and susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria vary between intensive care units within a single hospital: implications for empiric antibiotic strategies.
    J Trauma. 2000 Oct;49(4):638-45; discussion 645-6 PMID: 11038080
  106. Quantitative microbiology in the management of burn patients. II. Relationship between bacterial counts obtained by burn wound biopsy culture and surface alginate swab culture, with clinical outcome following burn surgery and change of dressings.
    Burns. 1996 May;22(3):177-81 PMID: 8726253
  107. Primary burn excision and immediate grafting: a method shortening illness.
    J Trauma. 1974 May;14(5):389-95 PMID: 4596096
  108. Genetic variability in the immune-inflammatory response after major burn injury.
    Shock. 2005 Feb;23(2):123-8 PMID: 15665726
  109. Topical nystatin powder in severe burns: a new treatment for angioinvasive fungal infections refractory to other topical and systemic agents.
    Burns. 1999 Sep;25(6):505-8 PMID: 10498358
  110. State of the art in burn treatment.
    World J Surg. 2005 Feb;29(2):131-48 PMID: 15654666
  111. Quantitation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wound biopsy samples: from bacterial culture to rapid 'real-time' polymerase chain reaction.
    Crit Care. 2000;4(4):255-61 PMID: 11056755
  112. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: improved clinical outcomes.
    J Nurs Care Qual. 2004 Oct-Dec;19(4):328-33; quiz 334-5 PMID: 15535538
  113. A matched-pair, randomized study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Acticoat silver-coated dressing for the treatment of burn wounds.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 Nov-Dec;19(6):531-7 PMID: 9848045
  114. The effect of endogenous skin bacteria on burn wound infection.
    Ann Plast Surg. 1989 Jul;23(1):35-8 PMID: 2764460
  115. An eleven-year survey of electrical burn injuries.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995 Jan-Feb;16(1):43-8 PMID: 7721908
  116. Herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections in burned patients.
    J Trauma. 1985 Jan;25(1):40-5 PMID: 2981325
  117. Work-related burn injuries in Ontario, Canada: has anything changed in the last 10 years?
    Burns. 2003 Aug;29(5):469-72 PMID: 12880727
  118. The immunologic response to repeated individual-specific skin allografts.
    Transplantation. 1966 Mar;4(2):178-81 PMID: 5327203
  119. Excision of the burn wound in patients with large burns.
    Arch Surg. 1989 Jun;124(6):718-20 PMID: 2730325
  120. Modulation of inflammatory and catabolic responses in severely burned children by early burn wound excision in the first 24 hours.
    Arch Surg. 2003 Feb;138(2):127-32 PMID: 12578404
  121. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: occurrence rates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular typing in the global SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2001 May 15;32 Suppl 2:S146-55 PMID: 11320454
  122. Interleukin-6 in the injured patient. Marker of injury or mediator of inflammation?
    Ann Surg. 1996 Nov;224(5):647-64 PMID: 8916880
  123. Cerium nitrate in the management of burns.
    Burns. 2005 Aug;31(5):539-47 PMID: 15955636
  124. Surveillance of burn wound infections: a proposal for definitions.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 Sep-Oct;19(5):386-9 PMID: 9789171
  125. Fungal burn wound infection.
    JAMA. 1971 Mar 8;215(10):1664-6 PMID: 5107690
  126. Drug intervention trials in sepsis: divergent results.
    Lancet. 2004 May 22;363(9422):1721-3 PMID: 15158636
  127. Comparison of surface swab cultures and quantitative tissue biopsy cultures to predict sepsis in burn patients: a prospective study.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003 Nov-Dec;24(6):365-70 PMID: 14610420
  128. Predicting survival in an elderly burn patient population.
    Burns. 2001 Sep;27(6):583-90 PMID: 11525852
  129. The metabolic response to stress: an overview and update.
    Anesthesiology. 1990 Aug;73(2):308-27 PMID: 2200312
  130. Infection and the burn patient.
    Br J Surg. 1990 Oct;77(10):1081-2 PMID: 2224451
  131. Mechanism of increased susceptibility to infection following hemorrhage.
    Am J Surg. 1993 Feb;165(2A Suppl):59S-67S PMID: 8439001
  132. Inhaled nitric oxide in adult respiratory distress syndrome: do we know the risks versus benefits?
    Crit Care Med. 1997 Apr;25(4):563-5 PMID: 9142017
  133. Potential antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: suppression of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and prostaglandin E2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(10):3803-7 PMID: 2786204
  134. Current issues in burn wound infections.
    Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 1991;6:137-62 PMID: 2054118
  135. Efficacy of moist exposed burn ointment in the management of cutaneous wounds and ulcers: a multicenter pilot study.
    Ann Plast Surg. 2002 Feb;48(2):226-7 PMID: 11910244
  136. Changing flora in burn and trauma units: experience in the United Kingdom.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1992 Mar-Apr;13(2 Pt 2):281-6 PMID: 1577840
  137. Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia: what more can we do to use less antibiotics?
    Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11):2344-5 PMID: 15640653
  138. Decreased mortality and infectious morbidity in adult burn patients given enteral glutamine supplements: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial.
    Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2444-9 PMID: 14530749
  139. Anhydrous ammonia burns case report and review of the literature.
    Burns. 2000 Aug;26(5):493-7 PMID: 10812276
  140. Incidence of bacteremia after burn wound manipulation in the early postburn period.
    J Trauma. 1997 Jun;42(6):1006-10; discussion 1010-1 PMID: 9210532
  141. Staphylococcal septicaemia in burns.
    Burns. 2000 Jun;26(4):359-66 PMID: 10751704
  142. The efficacy of nystatin combined with topical microbial agents in the treatment of burn wound sepsis.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1989 Nov-Dec;10(6):508-11 PMID: 2600098
  143. Depressed mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in thermally injured patients.
    J Immunol. 1977 Jul;119(1):199-205 PMID: 406323
  144. Effects of burn wound excision on bacterial colonization and invasion.
    Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Feb;111(2):744-50; discussion 751-2 PMID: 12560695
  145. Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim.
    Clin Plast Surg. 1977 Oct;4(4):561-9 PMID: 334446
  146. Mechanism of immunosuppression following hemorrhage: defective antigen presentation by macrophages.
    J Surg Res. 1989 Jun;46(6):553-6 PMID: 2733418
  147. Influence of hydrotherapy and antiseptic agents on burn wound bacterial contamination.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1985 May-Jun;6(3):230-2 PMID: 3855197
  148. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a serious and rare complication in patients suffering from burns.
    Burns. 2003 Nov;29(7):711-3 PMID: 14556730
  149. Comparison of quantitative microbiology and histopathology in divided burn-wound biopsy specimens.
    Arch Surg. 1987 Jan;122(1):74-6 PMID: 3099730
  150. Susceptibility of adherent organisms from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn wounds to antimicrobial agents.
    Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1998 Aug;10(3):223-8 PMID: 9832283
  151. Flavobacterial sepsis in massively burned pediatric patients.
    Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;17(2):185-7 PMID: 8399864
  152. PSEUDOMONAS BURN WOUND SEPSIS. I PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL PSEUDOMONAS BURN WOUND SEPSIS.
    J Surg Res. 1964 May;4:200-16 PMID: 14160479
  153. What's new in burn microbiology? James Laing Memorial Prize Essay 2000.
    Burns. 2003 Feb;29(1):15-24 PMID: 12543040
  154. A method for the quantitation of bacteria in burn wounds.
    Appl Microbiol. 1967 May;15(3):670-1 PMID: 4962827
  155. IL-4 down-regulates IL-1 and TNF gene expression in human monocytes.
    J Immunol. 1989 Jun 1;142(11):3857-61 PMID: 2785566
  156. A prospective study of infections in burn patients.
    Burns. 2002 Feb;28(1):39-46 PMID: 11834328
  157. Eradication of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter from an intensive care unit.
    Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2001 Winter;2(4):297-301 PMID: 12593705
  158. Dimethylsulfoxide with heparin in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1988 Jan-Feb;9(1):22-5 PMID: 3356738
  159. The promises of excisional therapy of burn wounds: have they been achieved?
    J Intensive Care Med. 1994 Jan;9(1):1-3 PMID: 10146650
  160. Topical sulfamylon reduces engraftment of cultured skin substitutes on athymic mice.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1999 Jan-Feb;20(1 Pt 1):33-6 PMID: 9934634
  161. Biologial effects of the human complement fragments C5a and C5ades Arg on neutrophil function.
    Immunopharmacology. 1980 Jun;2(3):201-19 PMID: 6254906
  162. Immune response modulation after burn injury: T cells and antibodies.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1987 Nov-Dec;8(6):509-12 PMID: 2830288
  163. Interleukin 10 inhibits macrophage microbicidal activity by blocking the endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor alpha required as a costimulatory factor for interferon gamma-induced activation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8676-80 PMID: 1528880
  164. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Microbes Infect. 2005 Feb;7(2):262-7 PMID: 15715989
  165. Early excision and grafting of face and neck burns in patients over 20 years.
    Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002 Apr 1;109(4):1266-73 PMID: 11964977
  166. Prospective study of replacing administration sets for intravenous therapy at 48- vs 72-hour intervals. 72 hours is safe and cost-effective.
    JAMA. 1987 Oct 2;258(13):1777-81 PMID: 3114506
  167. Evaluating and managing open skin wounds: colonization versus infection.
    AACN Clin Issues. 2002 Aug;13(3):382-97 PMID: 12151992
  168. Management of alkali burns : an 11-year retrospective review.
    Ophthalmology. 2000 Oct;107(10):1829-35 PMID: 11013181
  169. Efficacy of mupirocin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn wound infection.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Aug;33(8):1358-61 PMID: 2508545
  170. Prolonged survival of a skin homograft in a patient with very extensive burns.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1957 Mar 22;64(5):767-74 PMID: 13411916
  171. Validation of a rapid diagnostic strategy for determination of significant bacterial counts in bronchoalveolar lavage samples.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005 Jan;129(1):78-81 PMID: 15628912
  172. Depression of cellular immunity after major injury. Its association with posttraumatic complications and its reversal with immunomodulation.
    Arch Surg. 1986 Sep;121(9):1000-5 PMID: 3741094
  173. Burn wound biopsy techniques.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Sep;24(3):503 PMID: 3760148
  174. Current treatment of severely burned patients.
    Ann Surg. 1996 Jan;223(1):14-25 PMID: 8554414
  175. Burn wound management: an update.
    Plast Surg Nurs. 1988 Spring;8(1):6-12 PMID: 3282249
  176. Invasive Candida species infections: a 5 year population-based assessment.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Sep;56(3):532-7 PMID: 16040623
  177. Scar quality and physiologic barrier function restoration after moist and moist-exposed dressings of partial-thickness wounds.
    Dermatol Surg. 2003 Jan;29(1):14-20 PMID: 12534506
  178. Bilateral suppurative thrombophlebitis due to Staphylococcus aureus.
    Heart Lung. 1995 Jul-Aug;24(4):342-4 PMID: 7591803
  179. Body habitus as a predictor of burn risk in children: do fat boys still get burned?
    Burns. 1998 Dec;24(8):725-7 PMID: 9915672
  180. Emerging fungal resistance.
    Clin Lab Med. 2004 Sep;24(3):721-35, vii PMID: 15325062
  181. A guide to biological skin substitutes.
    Br J Plast Surg. 2002 Apr;55(3):185-93 PMID: 12041969
  182. The pathophysiology of smoke inhalation injury in a sheep model.
    J Trauma. 1984 Dec;24(12):1044-51 PMID: 6512897
  183. Changes in T lymphocyte subsets following injury. Assessment by flow cytometry and relationship to sepsis.
    Ann Surg. 1985 Nov;202(5):580-6 PMID: 3876811
  184. Biobrane--a useful adjunct in the therapy of outpatient burns.
    J Pediatr Surg. 1984 Dec;19(6):846-7 PMID: 6520685
  185. Failure to clear casts and secretions following inhalation injury can be dangerous: report of a case.
    Burns. 2001 Mar;27(2):189-91 PMID: 11226661
  186. Current status of burn wound pathophysiology.
    Clin Plast Surg. 2000 Jan;27(1):11-22 PMID: 10665353
  187. Assessment of burn wound sepsis by swab, full thickness biopsy culture and blood culture--a comparative study.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1983 Nov;10(2):124-6 PMID: 6360312
  188. Fungal infection of burn wounds in patients with open and occlusive treatment methods.
    East Mediterr Health J. 1999 Mar;5(2):333-6 PMID: 10793810
  189. Mechanism of immunologic suppression in burn injury.
    J Trauma. 1990 Dec;30(12 Suppl):S70-5 PMID: 2254995
  190. Chemicals that "burn".
    J Trauma. 1974 Jan;14(1):65-72 PMID: 4809719
  191. Comparison of hospital-acquired infection rates in paediatric burn patients.
    J Hosp Infect. 2002 Nov;52(3):161-5 PMID: 12419266
  192. Burn sepsis.
    Crit Care Clin. 1988 Apr;4(2):281-98 PMID: 3048588
  193. Bacteria and wound healing.
    Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004 Apr;17(2):91-6 PMID: 15021046
  194. Cytomegalovirus infection in a cyclosporine-treated burn patient: case report.
    J Trauma. 1992 Feb;32(2):263-7 PMID: 1311042
  195. A comparison of laser Doppler imaging with other measurement techniques to assess burn depth.
    J Wound Care. 2005 Apr;14(4):151-3 PMID: 15835224
  196. Nursing management of the acute burn patient and nursing management of optimal burn recovery.
    J Contin Educ Nurs. 1979 Jul-Aug;10(4):16-30 PMID: 255533
  197. Fungal burn wound infection. A 10-year experience.
    Arch Surg. 1991 Jan;126(1):44-8 PMID: 1985634
  198. Bacterial translocation and its relationship to visceral blood flow, gut mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity, and DNA in pigs.
    J Trauma. 1991 May;31(5):639-43; discussion 643-4 PMID: 2030510
  199. The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System: plans for the 1990s and beyond.
    Am J Med. 1991 Sep 16;91(3B):116S-120S PMID: 1656746
  200. Advances in burn wound care.
    Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1996 Jun;8(2):203-15 PMID: 8716388
  201. An outbreak due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002 May;23(5):261-7 PMID: 12026151
  202. Modern burn care.
    Semin Pediatr Surg. 2001 Feb;10(1):28-31 PMID: 11172570
  203. Interleukin-10 is associated with the development of sepsis in trauma patients.
    J Trauma. 1996 Apr;40(4):613-6; discussion 616-7 PMID: 8614042
  204. Molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in a burn unit: persistence of a multidrug-resistant clone and a silver sulfadiazine-resistant clone.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Mar;41(3):1192-202 PMID: 12624051
  205. Coordinated antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: interleukin 4 suppresses interleukin 1 production but up-regulates gene expression and synthesis of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 1;89(9):4076-80 PMID: 1533284
  206. Eighteen months of routine topical antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates from burn patients: results and conclusions.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1979 Jul;5(4):455-63 PMID: 489493
  207. Selective intestinal decontamination for prevention of wound colonization in severely burned patients: a retrospective analysis.
    Burns. 1992 Apr;18(2):98-102 PMID: 1590940
  208. A survey into toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in UK burns units.
    Burns. 2000 Jun;26(4):323-33 PMID: 10751699
  209. Topical Bactroban (mupirocin): efficacy in treating burn wounds infected with methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1990 Sep-Oct;11(5):454-9 PMID: 2123203
  210. Management and prevention of tetanus.
    J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2003;13(3):139-54 PMID: 14516181
  211. Altered gene transcription after burn injury results in depressed T-lymphocyte activation.
    Ann Surg. 1994 Sep;220(3):342-51; discussion 351-2 PMID: 8092900
  212. A new concept in the early excision and immediate grafting of burns.
    J Trauma. 1970 Dec;10(12):1103-8 PMID: 4921723
  213. Infection control in burn patients.
    Clin Plast Surg. 1986 Jan;13(1):39-47 PMID: 3956082
  214. Biobrane versus 1% silver sulfadiazine in second-degree pediatric burns.
    Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000 Jan;105(1):62-5 PMID: 10626971
  215. Influence of hydrodynamics and cell signaling on the structure and behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Sep;68(9):4457-64 PMID: 12200300
  216. The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients.
    Burns. 2004 Nov;30(7):660-4 PMID: 15475138
  217. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) versus minimum biofilm eliminating concentration (MBEC) in evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity of gram-negative bacilli causing peritonitis.
    Perit Dial Int. 2004 Jan-Feb;24(1):65-7 PMID: 15104338
  218. Effectiveness of bacteria-controlled nursing units in preventing cross-colonization with resistant bacteria in severely burned children.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002 Sep;23(9):549-51 PMID: 12269456
  219. Diagnosis and treatment of cannula-related intravenous sepsis in burn patients.
    Ann Surg. 1980 May;191(5):546-54 PMID: 7369818
  220. Successful treatment of invasive burn wound infection with sepsis in patients with major burns.
    Chin Med J (Engl). 2000 Dec;113(12):1142-6 PMID: 11776154
  221. Comparison of three transport systems (Starplex StarSwab II, the new Copan Vi-Pak Amies Agar Gel collection and transport swabs, and BBL Port-A-Cul) for maintenance of anaerobic and fastidious aerobic organisms.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jan;39(1):377-80 PMID: 11136806
  222. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill ICU patients.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Aug;158(2):444-51 PMID: 9700119
  223. Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative organisms in the intensive care unit.
    Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003 Oct;9(5):413-23 PMID: 14508155
  224. Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro.
    J Immunol. 1996 Apr 1;156(7):2406-12 PMID: 8786298
  225. Alterations in intestinal permeability after thermal injury.
    Arch Surg. 1992 Jan;127(1):26-9; discussion 29-30 PMID: 1734847
  226. Clinical outcome of HIV positive patients with moderate to severe burns.
    Burns. 2001 Mar;27(2):111-4 PMID: 11226644
  227. Beta-haemolytic Streptococcus infection in burns.
    Burns. 1999 May;25(3):242-6 PMID: 10323609
  228. The elderly burn patient.
    Am J Surg. 1992 Nov;164(5):472-6 PMID: 1443371
  229. The prevention and treatment of tetanus in the burn patient.
    Surg Clin North Am. 1970 Dec;50(6):1277-81 PMID: 4098990
  230. Case-controlled study of patients with self-inflicted burns.
    Burns. 2005 Jun;31(4):471-5 PMID: 15896510
  231. Hydrotherapy burn treatment: use of chloramine-T against resistant microorganisms.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979 Jul;60(7):301-3 PMID: 454127
  232. Function of the RES after thermal and mechanical trauma in mice.
    Acta Chir Scand. 1970;136(5):359-64 PMID: 5518332
  233. Implications for Burns Unit design following outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter infection in ICU and Burns Unit.
    Burns. 2003 Jun;29(4):303-6 PMID: 12781606
  234. Bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with burns.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005 Jan-Feb;26(1):57-61 PMID: 15640736
  235. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit: epidemiology, etiology and comparison of three bronchoscopic methods for microbiological specimen sampling.
    Crit Care. 2001;5(3):167-73 PMID: 11353934
  236. The burn wound from the surgical point of view.
    J Trauma. 1975 Jan;15(1):42-62 PMID: 1090743
  237. In vivo and in vitro humoral immunity in surgical patients.
    Ann Surg. 1984 Sep;200(3):373-80 PMID: 6465987
  238. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients.
    Ann Intern Med. 1998 Sep 15;129(6):433-40 PMID: 9735080
  239. Electrical injuries.
    Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov;30(11 Suppl):S424-30 PMID: 12528784
  240. Tangential excision.
    Clin Plast Surg. 1974 Oct;1(4):591-601 PMID: 4609671
  241. Burn-wound infection with phycomycetes requiring amputation of hand.
    JAMA. 1968 Feb 19;203(8):596 PMID: 5694197
  242. Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6 in burn patients.
    Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990 Mar;54(3):361-71 PMID: 2406054
  243. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 2000).
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003 Apr;45(4):287-93 PMID: 12730001
  244. The use of intestinal antibiotics to delay or prevent infections in patients with burns.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1990 Sep-Oct;11(5):436-42 PMID: 2246313
  245. The appropriate diagnostic threshold for ventilator-associated pneumonia using quantitative cultures.
    J Trauma. 2004 May;56(5):931-4; discussion 934-6 PMID: 15179229
  246. Association of burn mortality and bacteremia. A 25-year review.
    Arch Surg. 1986 Sep;121(9):1027-31 PMID: 3741098
  247. Topical therapies and antimicrobials in the management of burn wounds.
    Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2004 Mar;16(1):1-11 PMID: 15062409
  248. Fusarium infection in burned patients.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 1981 Mar;75(3):304-11 PMID: 7211751
  249. Effect of crystalloid resuscitation and inhalation injury on extravascular lung water: clinical implications.
    Chest. 2002 Jun;121(6):1956-62 PMID: 12065363
  250. Yeast infection of burns.
    Mycoses. 2001;44(5):147-9 PMID: 11486451
  251. Effect from multiple episodes of inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia on morbidity and mortality among critically ill trauma patients.
    J Trauma. 2005 Jan;58(1):94-101 PMID: 15674157
  252. Topical treatment of pediatric patients with burns: a practical guide.
    Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(8):529-34 PMID: 12358554
  253. Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine: frequency, characteristics and clinical consequences.
    Am Surg. 1987 Sep;53(9):515-7 PMID: 3631764
  254. Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):433-5 PMID: 14749448
  255. Effects of burns on inhalation injury.
    J Trauma. 1997 Oct;43(4):603-7 PMID: 9356055
  256. Chemical burns.
    J Trauma. 1988 May;28(5):642-7 PMID: 3367407
  257. The ACCP-SCCM consensus conference on sepsis and organ failure.
    Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6):1481-3 PMID: 1600757
  258. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of superficial suppurative thrombophlebitis.
    Arch Surg. 1996 Jan;131(1):95-7 PMID: 8546586
  259. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005 Jan-Feb;26(1):85-91 PMID: 15640741
  260. Epidemiology of work-related burn injuries in Massachusetts requiring hospitalization.
    J Trauma. 1986 Dec;26(12):1097-101 PMID: 3795306
  261. Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries.
    N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 5;338(6):362-6 PMID: 9449729
  262. Infection control in burn patients.
    Burns. 2004 Dec;30(8):A16-24 PMID: 15555784
  263. Ten year experience of burn, trauma, and combined burn/trauma injuries comparing outcomes.
    J Trauma. 2004 Oct;57(4):696-700; dicussion 700-1 PMID: 15514521
  264. Aspergillus infection of the burn wound.
    J Trauma. 1979 Oct;19(10):765-7 PMID: 490691
  265. Effects of delayed wound excision and grafting in severely burned children.
    Arch Surg. 2002 Sep;137(9):1049-54 PMID: 12215159
  266. A prolonged outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the burn unit of a tertiary medical center.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996 Dec;17(12):798-802 PMID: 8985766
  267. Significance of obesity on nutritional, immunologic, hormonal, and clinical outcome parameters in burns.
    J Am Diet Assoc. 1993 Nov;93(11):1261-8 PMID: 7693786
  268. Noncandidal, fungal infections of the burn wound.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1988 Nov-Dec;9(6):599-601 PMID: 3220866
  269. Inhibitory effects of electrically activated silver material on cutaneous wound bacteria.
    Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986 Mar;77(3):455-9 PMID: 3952202
  270. Burn wound infection.
    J Trauma. 1981 Sep;21(9):753-6 PMID: 7277539
  271. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial.
    Lancet. 2005 Oct 22-28;366(9495):1435-42 PMID: 16243088
  272. Comparison of silver sulfadiazine 1%, mupirocin 2%, and fusidic acid 2% for topical antibacterial effect in methicillin-resistant staphylococci-infected, full-skin thickness rat burn wounds.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003 Jan-Feb;24(1):37-41 PMID: 12543989
  273. In vitro susceptibility testing of topical antimicrobial agents used in pediatric burn patients: comparison of two methods.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997 Sep-Oct;18(5):406-10 PMID: 9313120
  274. The use of biopsies in burn patient care.
    Surgery. 1973 Jun;73(6):887-97 PMID: 4703490
  275. A comparison of the effect of early insertion of standard latex and silver-impregnated latex foley catheters on urinary tract infections in burn patients.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;23(4):217-8 PMID: 12002237
  276. Burn injury and pulmonary sepsis: development of a clinically relevant model.
    J Trauma. 2004 Feb;56(2):272-8 PMID: 14960967
  277. Enterobacter cloacae septicemia in a burn center: epidemiology and control of an outbreak.
    J Infect Dis. 1979 Feb;139(2):166-71 PMID: 438531
  278. The response of burn wound staphylococci to alternating programs of antibiotic therapy.
    Antibiot Annu. 1955-1956;3:32-4 PMID: 13355242
  279. The MBEC Assay System: multiple equivalent biofilms for antibiotic and biocide susceptibility testing.
    Methods Enzymol. 2001;337:377-85 PMID: 11398443
  280. Septicaemia after burn injury: a comparative study.
    Burns. 2002 Dec;28(8):746-51 PMID: 12464472
  281. Use of topical silver nitrate, mafenide, and gentamicin in the burn patient. A comparative study.
    Arch Surg. 1967 Sep;95(3):472-81 PMID: 4962314
  282. Quantitative microbiology in the management of burn patients. I. Correlation between quantitative and qualitative burn wound biopsy culture and surface alginate swab culture.
    Burns. 1996 May;22(3):173-6 PMID: 8726252
  283. Risk factors associated with intravascular catheter infections in burned patients: a prospective, randomized study.
    J Trauma. 1989 Jun;29(6):811-6 PMID: 2738979
  284. The role of the complement system in trauma and infection.
    Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992 May;174(5):435-40 PMID: 1570624
  285. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit.
    J Trauma. 2001 Dec;51(6):1207-16 PMID: 11740281
  286. Bacteriology of burns.
    Burns. 1998 Jun;24(4):347-9 PMID: 9688200
  287. IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages.
    J Immunol. 1991 Dec 1;147(11):3815-22 PMID: 1940369
  288. Inhalation of toxic products from fires.
    Bull N Y Acad Med. 1981 Dec;57(10):997-1013 PMID: 6274458
  289. A three decade analysis of factors affecting burn mortality in the elderly.
    Burns. 2005 Dec;31(8):958-63 PMID: 16269217
  290. Burn wound infection--a review.
    Conn Med. 1965 Oct;29(10):718-22 PMID: 5319029
  291. The lung inflammatory response to thermal injury: relationship between physiologic and histologic changes.
    Surgery. 1989 Jul;106(1):52-9 PMID: 2500726
  292. Intravenous therapy in burn patients. Suppurative thrombophlebitis and other life-threatening complications.
    Arch Surg. 1970 Apr;100(4):399-404 PMID: 5417163
  293. Mafenide acetate concentrations and bacteriostasis in experimental burn wounds treated with a three-layered laminated mafenide-saline dressing.
    Ann Plast Surg. 1980 Oct;5(4):266-9 PMID: 6985504
  294. Antibacterial resistance in the intensive care unit: mechanisms and management.
    Br Med Bull. 1999;55(1):259-76 PMID: 10695090
  295. Burn wound manipulation-induced bacteremia.
    J Trauma. 1979 Jan;19(1):46-8 PMID: 762715
  296. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a burn unit.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000 Sep;21(9):575-82 PMID: 11001260
  297. Early burn excision and grafting.
    Surg Clin North Am. 1987 Feb;67(1):93-107 PMID: 3544269
  298. Beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections in burned patients.
    Burns. 1994 Oct;20(5):422-5 PMID: 7999270
  299. A decade of reduced gram-negative infections and mortality associated with improved isolation of burned patients.
    Arch Surg. 1994 Dec;129(12):1306-9 PMID: 7986161
  300. Recognition and treatment of burn wound infection.
    Can Oper Room Nurs J. 1986 Jun;4(3):28-32 PMID: 3639760
  301. The use of quantitative biopsy cultures in bacteriologic monitoring of burn patients.
    J Surg Res. 1974 Jan;16(1):1-5 PMID: 4594354
  302. Antibiotic bowel preparation and burn wound colonization.
    Surg Forum. 1976;27(62):67-8 PMID: 1019996
  303. Skin replacement with a collagen based dermal substitute, autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts in burn trauma.
    Burns. 2003 Jun;29(4):375-80 PMID: 12781618
  304. Marrow granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell response to burn injury as modified by endotoxin and indomethacin.
    J Trauma. 1994 Sep;37(3):339-46 PMID: 8083891
  305. Evaluation and management of patients with inhalation injury.
    J Trauma. 1990 Dec;30(12 Suppl):S63-8 PMID: 2254994
  306. Infections in diabetic burn patients.
    Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27(1):229-33 PMID: 14693994
  307. The diagnosis and treatment of infection in the burn patient.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1984 Dec;11(2):79-91 PMID: 6525539
  308. Correlation between anergy and a circulating immunosuppressive factor following major surgical trauma.
    Ann Surg. 1979 Sep;190(3):297-304 PMID: 485603
  309. Early excision of major burns in children: effect on morbidity and mortality.
    J Pediatr Surg. 1985 Dec;20(6):754-7 PMID: 3910786
  310. A comparison of methods for the quantitation of bacteria in burn wounds. II. Clinical evaluation.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 1970 Jan;53(1):40-2 PMID: 4903063
  311. Nosocomial infections in a burn intensive care unit.
    Burns. 1995 May;21(3):181-4 PMID: 7794498
  312. Cannula related suppurative thrombophlebitis in the burned patient.
    Burns. 2000 Mar;26(2):200-4 PMID: 10716366
  313. An evaluation of burn wound quantitative microbiology. I. Quantitative eschar cultures.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 1981 Apr;75(4):532-7 PMID: 7013468
  314. Early tangential excision of the eschars of major burns.
    Arch Surg. 1972 Apr;104(4):503-8 PMID: 4552212
  315. Prevention of catheter-related infections: the potential of a new nano-silver impregnated catheter.
    Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004 Mar;23 Suppl 1:S75-8 PMID: 15037331
  316. Primary excision and immediate wound closure.
    Intensive Care Med. 1981 Jan;7(2):71-6 PMID: 7009690
  317. Colonization of burn wounds in Ain Shams University Burn Unit.
    Burns. 2003 May;29(3):229-33 PMID: 12706615
  318. The effects of injury on the adaptive immune response.
    Shock. 1999 Mar;11(3):153-9 PMID: 10188766
  319. MRSA-retrospective analysis of an outbreak in the burn centre Aachen.
    Burns. 2002 Sep;28(6):575-8 PMID: 12220916
  320. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in the emergence of multiply resistant strains.
    J Infect Dis. 1994 Aug;170(2):377-83 PMID: 7913482
  321. Anaerobes in burn-wound infections.
    Rev Infect Dis. 1984 Mar-Apr;6 Suppl 1:S184-6 PMID: 6372027
  322. Control of burn wound sepsis: a comparison of in vitro topical antimicrobial assays.
    J Trauma. 1987 Feb;27(2):176-9 PMID: 3493351
  323. Improved scar quality following primary and secondary healing of cutaneous wounds.
    Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2003 Sep-Oct;27(5):411-7 PMID: 14648065
  324. Central venous catheter sepsis with weekly catheter change in paediatric burn patients: an analysis of 221 catheters.
    Burns. 1995 Mar;21(2):127-9 PMID: 7766321
  325. Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative culture techniques for burn biopsy.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Feb;23(2):258-61 PMID: 3084547
  326. Burn depth estimation: use of laser doppler flowmetry.
    Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Jan;103(1):334-5 PMID: 9915211
  327. The risk factors and time course of sepsis and organ dysfunction after burn trauma.
    J Trauma. 2003 May;54(5):959-66 PMID: 12777910
  328. Sepsis and organ dysfunction/failure. An overview.
    Minerva Anestesiol. 1999 Jul-Aug;65(7-8):529-40 PMID: 10479840
  329. Electrical injuries: a 30-year review.
    J Trauma. 1999 May;46(5):933-6 PMID: 10338415
  330. Major injury induces increased production of interleukin-10 by cells of the immune system with a negative impact on resistance to infection.
    Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):450-8; discussion 458-60 PMID: 9351713
  331. A primer in cytokines.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005 Jan-Feb;26(1):7-12 PMID: 15640726
  332. Effects of early excision and aggressive enteral feeding on hypermetabolism, catabolism, and sepsis after severe burn.
    J Trauma. 2003 Apr;54(4):755-61; discussion 761-4 PMID: 12707540
  333. Infections in a burn intensive care unit: experience of seven years.
    J Hosp Infect. 2003 Jan;53(1):6-13 PMID: 12495679
  334. Specimen collection and transport, anaerobic culture techniques, and identification of anaerobes.
    Rev Infect Dis. 1984 Mar-Apr;6 Suppl 1:S51-8 PMID: 6372037
  335. Population-based epidemiological study of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Calgary Health Region: importance of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains.
    J Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 1;192(9):1606-12 PMID: 16206075
  336. Burn care in EMS.
    Emerg Med Serv. 2004 Feb;33(2):69-76; quiz 87 PMID: 14994676
  337. Diagnosis of local infection of a burn by semiquantitative culture of the eschar surface.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1992 Nov-Dec;13(6):639-41 PMID: 1469028
  338. Production of chemotactic factors and lung cell changes following smoke inhalation in a sheep model.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1986 Mar-Apr;7(2):117-21 PMID: 3648033
  339. Natural history of bloodstream infections in a burn patient population: the importance of candidemia.
    Am J Infect Control. 1993 Aug;21(4):189-95 PMID: 8239049
  340. An evaluation of the Gram stain in protected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Anesth Analg. 2001 Feb;92(2):442-7 PMID: 11159248
  341. Hemorrhage produces abnormalities in lymphocyte function and lymphokine generation.
    J Immunol. 1989 Feb 1;142(3):899-906 PMID: 2492333
  342. Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association Patient Registry.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995 May-Jun;16(3 Pt 1):219-32; discussion 288-9 PMID: 7673300
  343. White blood cell response to burn injury.
    Semin Nephrol. 1993 Jul;13(4):409-15 PMID: 8351455
  344. Lymphoid subpopulation changes after thermal injury and thermal injury with infection in an experimental model.
    Ann Surg. 1988 Feb;207(2):208-12 PMID: 2963598
  345. Evaluating and managing burn wounds.
    Dermatol Nurs. 2000 Feb;12(1):17-8, 21-8; quiz 30-1 PMID: 11271051
  346. Prehospital and emergency department burn care.
    Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2004 Mar;16(1):61-73 PMID: 15062414
  347. Burn epidemiology: a basis for burn prevention.
    J Trauma. 1977 Dec;17(12):943-7 PMID: 592443
  348. Thermal injury.
    Crit Care Clin. 1999 Apr;15(2):333-52, ix PMID: 10331132
  349. Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients.
    J Trauma. 1995 Sep;39(3):616 PMID: 7473938
  350. Cell-to-cell signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 1998 Oct-Dec;4(4):551-60 PMID: 9866731
  351. Herpes simplex virus infection in a paediatric burn patient: case report and review.
    Burns. 2000 Mar;26(2):194-9 PMID: 10716365
  352. Colonization of burns and the duration of hospital stay of severely burned patients.
    J Hosp Infect. 1992 Sep;22(1):55-63 PMID: 1358947
  353. Management of facial burns with a collagen/glycosaminoglycan skin substitute-prospective experience with 12 consecutive patients with large, deep facial burns.
    Burns. 2005 May;31(3):257-61 PMID: 15774278
  354. Caspofungin: a review of its use in the treatment of fungal infections.
    Drugs. 2005;65(14):2049-68 PMID: 16162025
  355. Anaphylatoxin formation in plasma and burn bullae fluid in the thermally injured patient.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1987 Jun;13(3):185-9 PMID: 3607560
  356. Therapeutic efficacy of three silver dressings in an infected animal model.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005 Jan-Feb;26(1):53-6 PMID: 15640735
  357. Changing flora in burn and trauma units: historical perspective--experience in the United States.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1992 Mar-Apr;13(2 Pt 2):276-80 PMID: 1577839
  358. PSEUDOMONAS BURN WOUND SEPSIS. II HEMATOGENOUS INFECTION AT THE JUNCTION OF THE BURN WOUND AND THE UNBURNED HYPODERMIS.
    J Surg Res. 1964 May;4:217-22 PMID: 14160480
  359. A 15-year experience with varicella infections in a pediatric burn unit.
    Burns. 1999 Jun;25(4):353-6 PMID: 10431985
  360. Linezolid resistance since 2001: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.
    Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Jun;37(6):769-74 PMID: 12773059
  361. Successful cure of an extensive burn injury complicated with mucor wound sepsis.
    Burns. 1998 Feb;24(1):72-3 PMID: 9601596
  362. Update on the use of collagen/glycosaminoglycate skin substitute-six years of experiences with artificial skin in 15 German burn centers.
    Burns. 2004 Aug;30(5):471-5 PMID: 15225914
  363. Current pharmacotherapy for the treatment of severe burns.
    Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Mar;4(3):369-84 PMID: 12614189
  364. HIV infection reduces skin graft survival in burn injuries: a prospective study.
    Br J Plast Surg. 2003 Dec;56(8):740-5 PMID: 14615247
  365. Influence of demographics and inhalation injury on burn mortality in children.
    Burns. 2004 Feb;30(1):72-7 PMID: 14693089
  366. Suppurative thrombophlebitis. A lethal iatrogenic disease.
    N Engl J Med. 1970 Jun 25;282(26):1452-5 PMID: 5419294
  367. Improving hospital-acquired infection rates: the CDC experience.
    Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1996 Jul;22(7):457-67 PMID: 8858417
  368. Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections: a randomized, controlled trial.
    Ann Intern Med. 2005 Oct 18;143(8):570-80 PMID: 16230723
  369. Preventing infection in intravenous therapy.
    Hosp Pract. 1976 Apr;11(4):95-104 PMID: 829118
  370. Burn-wound infection with viruses.
    N Engl J Med. 1970 May 28;282(22):1272-3 PMID: 5442648
  371. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pneumonia.
    Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Oct;7(4):533-58 PMID: 7834604
  372. Cytotoxicity to cultured human keratinocytes of topical antimicrobial agents.
    J Surg Res. 1990 Mar;48(3):190-5 PMID: 2314091
  373. Diagnosis of infection in sepsis: an evidence-based review.
    Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11 Suppl):S466-94 PMID: 15542957
  374. Efficacy of topical silver against fungal burn wound pathogens.
    Am J Infect Control. 1999 Aug;27(4):344-50 PMID: 10433674
  375. Nitric oxide and intestinal barrier failure.
    Semin Pediatr Surg. 1999 Aug;8(3):148-54 PMID: 10461328
  376. Modulation of leucocyte activation in the early phase of the rabbit burn injury.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1988 Feb;14(1):15-20 PMID: 2836040
  377. Persistence of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone in an intensive care burn unit.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1998 May;36(5):1347-51 PMID: 9574703
  378. Hydrotherapy: an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infections related to Hubbard tank treatments.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1981 Jun;62(6):283-5 PMID: 7235923
  379. Diabetes and burns: retrospective cohort study.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):157-66 PMID: 12032365
  380. The changing epidemiology of infection in burn patients.
    World J Surg. 1992 Jan-Feb;16(1):57-67 PMID: 1290268
  381. What's new in burns and metabolism.
    J Am Coll Surg. 2001 Feb;192(2):241-54 PMID: 11220727
  382. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 15;37(4):543-50 PMID: 12905139
  383. Respiratory care of the burn patient.
    Clin Plast Surg. 1986 Jan;13(1):29-38 PMID: 3956081
  384. Catheter infection risk related to the distance between insertion site and burned area.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2002 Jul-Aug;23(4):266-71 PMID: 12142579
  385. The use of a laminar airflow isolation system for the treatment of major burns.
    Am J Surg. 1978 Sep;136(3):375-8 PMID: 707709
  386. Association of interleukin-4 plasma levels with traumatic injury and clinical course.
    Arch Surg. 1995 Nov;130(11):1159-62; discussion 1162-3 PMID: 7487457
  387. Toxic shock syndrome in the burned patient.
    Br J Biomed Sci. 1997 Jun;54(2):110-7 PMID: 9231459
  388. Persistent wound infection delays epidermal maturation and increases scarring in thermal burns.
    Wound Repair Regen. 2002 Nov-Dec;10(6):372-7 PMID: 12453141
  389. Immunodepression after major surgery in normal patients.
    Surgery. 1975 Sep;78(3):363-72 PMID: 1098195
  390. Toxic shock syndrome in adult burns.
    Burns. 1999 Nov;25(7):659-62 PMID: 10563695
  391. The method of quantitative burn-wound biopsy cultures and its routine use in the care of the burned patient.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 1974 Jan;61(1):20-4 PMID: 4588085
  392. Use of Biobrane in management of scalds.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995 May-Jun;16(3 Pt 1):329-30 PMID: 7673318
  393. Clostridium difficile diarrhea on a burn unit.
    Burns. 2002 Jun;28(4):398-9 PMID: 12052382
  394. Medical treatment of a central vein suppurative thrombosis with cerebral metastatic abscesses in a burned child.
    Burns. 2001 Sep;27(6):662-3 PMID: 11525866
  395. Postoperative depression of the lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin.
    Lancet. 1967 Apr 8;1(7493):746-8 PMID: 4164120
  396. Anergy, immunosuppressive serum, and impaired lymphocyte blastogenesis in burn patients.
    Arch Surg. 1982 Oct;117(10):1266-71 PMID: 6957166
  397. An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment.
    Burns. 2001 Nov;27(7):681-8 PMID: 11600247
  398. Potential pitfalls of quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures.
    Ann Plast Surg. 1980 Mar;4(3):216-8 PMID: 7447271
  399. IFN-gamma priming of monocytes enhances LPS-induced TNF production by augmenting both transcription and MRNA stability.
    Cytokine. 1995 Jul;7(5):427-35 PMID: 7578980
  400. The use of Flammacerium in British Burns Units.
    Burns. 2005 May;31(3):379-82 PMID: 15774299
  401. The 2000 presidential address. Back to the future: the ABA and burn prevention.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2000 Nov-Dec;21(6):474-83 PMID: 11194799
  402. The biofilm matrix--an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment.
    Trends Microbiol. 2001 May;9(5):222-7 PMID: 11336839
  403. Silver. 2: Toxicity in mammals and how its products aid wound repair.
    J Wound Care. 2002 May;11(5):173-7 PMID: 12055941
  404. Impaired function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with burns and other trauma.
    Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973 Nov;137(5):784-8 PMID: 4201002
  405. Selective intestinal decontamination of the digestive tract for infection prophylaxis in severely burned patients.
    Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1987;21(3):269-72 PMID: 2831622
  406. Clostridium difficile diarrhea in critically ill burned patients.
    Arch Surg. 1987 Jun;122(6):655-61 PMID: 3579579
  407. Correlation between fungi isolated from burn wounds and burn care units.
    Burns. 1999 Mar;25(2):145-7 PMID: 10208389
  408. Epidemiology of infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn patients: the role of hydrotherapy.
    Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Dec;15(6):941-9 PMID: 1457665
  409. In vitro penetration of topical antiseptics through eschar of burn patients.
    Ann Surg. 1976 Apr;183(4):358-64 PMID: 1267492
  410. Immune response in burn patients in relation to HIV infection and sepsis.
    Burns. 2004 Nov;30(7):670-4 PMID: 15475140
  411. Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms--a five-year study.
    Burns. 2004 May;30(3):241-3 PMID: 15082351
  412. Burn center management of necrotizing fasciitis.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003 May-Jun;24(3):127-32 PMID: 12792231
  413. Biofilm bacteria: formation and comparative susceptibility to antibiotics.
    Can J Vet Res. 2002 Apr;66(2):86-92 PMID: 11989739
  414. Immunologic dissonance: a continuing evolution in our understanding of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
    Ann Intern Med. 1996 Oct 15;125(8):680-7 PMID: 8849154
  415. [Comparison of 4 methods of bacterial count determination in burn wounds].
    Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1987 Jun;265(1-2):82-98 PMID: 3314260
  416. Utility of Gram stain for the microbiological analysis of burn wound surfaces.
    Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003 Nov;127(11):1485-8 PMID: 14567718
  417. Alteration of monocyte function following major injury.
    Arch Surg. 1988 Mar;123(3):287-92 PMID: 3124800
  418. Gastrointestinal complications of burns.
    GP. 1969 Jul;40(1):110-5 PMID: 5791170
  419. Burn wound infection.
    Burns. 1989 Oct;15(5):342 PMID: 2590409
  420. Silver. I: Its antibacterial properties and mechanism of action.
    J Wound Care. 2002 Apr;11(4):125-30 PMID: 11998592
  421. Effect of extensive excision of burn wound with invasive infection on hypermetabolism in burn patients with sepsis.
    Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2000 Jun;38(6):405-8 PMID: 11832068
  422. A method of estimating the extensiveness of lesions (burns and scalds) based on surface area proportions.
    J Trauma. 1988 Jan;28(1):127 PMID: 3339657
  423. Injury induces deficient interleukin-12 production, but interleukin-12 therapy after injury restores resistance to infection.
    Ann Surg. 2000 Feb;231(2):253-61 PMID: 10674618
  424. Burns: causes and risk factors.
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985 Nov;66(11):746-52 PMID: 4062527
  425. Altered neutrophil phagocytic function in burn patients.
    J Trauma. 1976 Sep;16(9):734-8 PMID: 827620
  426. Aerobic, anaerobic and fungal burn wound infections.
    J Hosp Infect. 1997 Dec;37(4):317-23 PMID: 9457609
  427. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric burn unit.
    Am J Infect Control. 1994 Dec;22(6):340-5 PMID: 7695112
  428. Burns in octogenarians.
    Burns. 1995 May;21(3):200-4 PMID: 7794501
  429. Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit.
    J Hyg (Lond). 1979 Dec;83(3):429-35 PMID: 159924
  430. Studies of Thermal Injury: II. The Relative Importance of Time and Surface Temperature in the Causation of Cutaneous Burns.
    Am J Pathol. 1947 Sep;23(5):695-720 PMID: 19970955
  431. Correlation of quantitative burn wound biopsy culture and surface swab culture to burn wound sepsis.
    Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1984 Feb;10(3):217-24 PMID: 6426705
  432. Alternate antimicrobial therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococci burn wound infections.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 Sep-Oct;19(5):399-403 PMID: 9789173
  433. Complement and cellular triggering reactions. Introductory remarks.
    Fed Proc. 1984 Jul;43(10):2540-2 PMID: 6234185
  434. Candiduria as an early marker of disseminated infection in critically ill surgical patients: the role of fluconazole therapy.
    J Trauma. 1993 Aug;35(2):290-4; discussion 294-5 PMID: 8355311
  435. A comparison of methods for the quantitation of bacteria in burn wounds. I. Experimental evaluation.
    Am J Clin Pathol. 1970 Jan;53(1):35-9 PMID: 4982999
  436. Suppurative thrombophlebitis--a lethal complication of intravenous therapy.
    J Trauma. 1968 Mar;8(2):256-67 PMID: 4868813
  437. Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Trauma. 1992 Nov;33(5):654-8 PMID: 1464911
  438. Base-line and postthermal injury plasma histamine in rats.
    J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 May;60(5):1782-8 PMID: 3710993
  439. Prophylactic antibiotic use in pediatric burn units.
    Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Dec;14(6):422-6 PMID: 15630646
  440. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in injured patients: do you trust your Gram's stain?
    J Trauma. 2005 Mar;58(3):462-6; discussion 466-7 PMID: 15761337
  441. Prolonged survival of human skin allografts following thermal injury.
    Transplantation. 1978 Feb;25(2):69-72 PMID: 341428
  442. Invasive approaches to the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis.
    Crit Care Med. 2005 Jan;33(1):46-53 PMID: 15644647
  443. Respiratory care of the burn patient.
    J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005 May-Jun;26(3):200-6 PMID: 15879741
  444. Survival benefit conferred by topical antimicrobial preparations in burn patients: a historical perspective.
    J Trauma. 2004 Apr;56(4):863-6 PMID: 15187754
Article Info
Journal
Clinical microbiology reviews
Abbr.
Clin Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0893-8512
DOI
10.1128/CMR.19.2.403-434.2006
Email
deirdre.church@cls.ab.ca
Published
2006-04-00
Pages
403-34
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8807282
PMCID
PMC1471990
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/CMR.19.2.403-434.2006 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2