WHIM syndrome: a defect in CXCR4 signaling.

The study of inherited immunodeficiencies has proven valuable in elucidating molecular signaling cascades underlying the developmental and functional regulation of the human immune system. The first example of a human immunologic disease caused by mutation of a chemokine receptor was provided by WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome, a rare, combined immunodeficiency featuring an unusual form of neutropenia. Subsequent studies following the initial description of mutations in the CXCR4 gene have revealed a striking concordance in the types of mutations observed, suggesting that impaired regulation of receptor signaling by truncation of the cytoplasmic tail domain is an essential aspect in disease pathogenesis. Biochemical studies have provided support for the model that impaired receptor downregulation leads to the characteristic immunologic and hematologic disturbances. Interestingly, these genetic studies have also identified phenocopies with the same clinical features but without mutation of CXCR4, suggesting that mutations in as yet uncharacterized downstream regulators of the receptor may be involved in a proportion of cases.