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PMID: 15958532 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Highly effective phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7 of light-activated visual pigment in cones.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ·Vol. 102 ·No. 26 ·2005-06-28 ·Pages 9329-34

Tachibanaki S, Arinobu D, Shimauchi-Matsukawa Y, Tsushima S, Kawamura S

Abstract

Cone photoreceptors show briefer photoresponses than rod photoreceptors. Our previous study showed that visual pigment phosphorylation, a quenching mechanism of light-activated visual pigment, is much more rapid in cones than in rods. Here, we measured the early time course of this rapid phosphorylation with good time resolution and directly compared it with the photoresponse time course in cones. At the time of photoresponse recovery, almost two phosphates were incorporated into a bleached cone pigment molecule, which indicated that the visual pigment phosphorylation coincides with the photoresponse recovery. The rapid phosphorylation in cones is attributed to very high activity of visual pigment kinase [G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 7] in cones. Because of this high activity, cone pigment is readily phosphorylated at very high bleach levels, which probably explains why cone photoresponses recover quickly even after a very bright light and do not saturate under intense background light. The high GRK7 activity is brought about by high content of a highly potent enzyme. The expression level of GRK7 was 10 times higher than that of rod kinase (GRK1), and the specific activity of a single GRK7 molecule was approximately 10 times higher than that of GRK1. The specific activity of GRK7 is the highest among the GRKs so far known. Our result seems to explain the response characteristics of cone photoreceptors in many aspects, including the nonsaturation of the cone responses during daylight vision.

MeSH Terms
Animals Carps Cell Membrane/metabolism Electrophysiology Eye Proteins/metabolism G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1 G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases Glutathione Transferase/metabolism Kinetics Light Phosphorylation Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism,physiology Protein Binding Protein Kinases/metabolism Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry,metabolism Protein Structure, Tertiary Recombinant Proteins/chemistry Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism Retinal Pigments/metabolism Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism Time Factors Vision, Ocular
Chemicals
Eye Proteins Recombinant Proteins Retinal Pigments Glutathione Transferase Protein Kinases Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1 GRK7 protein, human G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases
Authors & Affiliations
5 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Tachibanaki Shuji
Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Arinobu Daisuke
Shimauchi-Matsukawa Yoshie
Tsushima Sawae
Kawamura Satoru
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Article Info
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Abbr.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
ISSN
0027-8424
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0501875102
Published
2005-06-28
Epub
2005-00-15
Pages
9329-34
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7505876
PMCID
PMC1166601
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501875102 PMC Full Text View journal details
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