Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 12488589 Published · ppublish English Journal Article

Regulation of repair by the 26S proteasome.

Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology ·Vol. 2 ·No. 2 ·2002-00-00 ·Pages 94-105

Sweder K, Madura K

Abstract

Cellular processes such as transcription and DNA repair may be regulated through diverse mechanisms, including RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, posttranslational modification and protein degradation. The 26S proteasome, which is responsible for degrading a broad spectrum of proteins, has been shown to interact with several nucleotide excision repair proteins, including xeroderma pigmentosum B protein (XPB), Rad4, and Rad23. Rad4 and Rad23 form a complex that binds preferentially to UV-damaged DNA. The 26S proteasome may regulate repair by degrading DNA repair proteins after repair is completed or, alternatively, the proteasome may act as a molecular chaperone to promote disassembly of the repair complex. In either case, the interaction between the proteasome and nucleotide excision repair depends on proteins like Rad23 that bind ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and the proteasome. While the iteration between Rad4 and Rad23 is well established, it will be interesting to determine what other proteins are regulated in a Rad23-dependent manner.

Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Sweder K.
Madura K.
References (75)
75 references, click to expand
  1. Degradation of the transcription factor Gcn4 requires the kinase Pho85 and the SCF(CDC4) ubiquitin-ligase complex.
    Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Mar;11(3):915-27 PMID: 10712509
  2. Human nucleotide excision nuclease removes thymine dimers from DNA by incising the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5' and the 6th phosphodiester bond 3' to the photodimer.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3664-8 PMID: 1314396
  3. Reconstitution of human DNA repair excision nuclease in a highly defined system.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 10;270(6):2415-8 PMID: 7852297
  4. Rad23 is required for transcription-coupled repair and efficient overrall repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):2361-8 PMID: 8628303
  5. Noncanonical MMS2-encoded ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme functions in assembly of novel polyubiquitin chains for DNA repair.
    Cell. 1999 Mar 5;96(5):645-53 PMID: 10089880
  6. Subcellular distribution of proteasomes implicates a major location of protein degradation in the nuclear envelope-ER network in yeast.
    EMBO J. 1998 Nov 2;17(21):6144-54 PMID: 9799224
  7. Proteasome inhibitors induce p53/p21-independent apoptosis in human glioma cells.
    Cell Physiol Biochem. 1999;9(3):117-25 PMID: 10494025
  8. Cullin 4A associates with the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein DDB.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 10;274(50):35309-12 PMID: 10585395
  9. The xeroderma pigmentosum group E gene product DDB2 is a specific target of cullin 4A in mammalian cells.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Oct;21(20):6738-47 PMID: 11564859
  10. The large subunit of RNA polymerase II is a substrate of the Rsp5 ubiquitin-protein ligase.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3656-61 PMID: 9108033
  11. Evolution of the SNF2 family of proteins: subfamilies with distinct sequences and functions.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Jul 25;23(14):2715-23 PMID: 7651832
  12. Regulated degradation of the transcription factor Gcn4.
    EMBO J. 1994 Dec 15;13(24):6021-30 PMID: 7813440
  13. Transcription-coupled repair in yeast is independent from ubiquitylation of RNA pol II: implications for Cockayne's syndrome.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 1;97(16):9088-92 PMID: 10900266
  14. Identification of HHR23A as a substrate for E6-associated protein-mediated ubiquitination.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 25;274(26):18785-92 PMID: 10373495
  15. Tissue and cell distribution of a mammalian proteasomal ATPase, MSS1, and its complex formation with the basal transcription factors.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Dec 20;279(2):568-73 PMID: 11118327
  16. A new ticket for entry into budding vesicles-ubiquitin.
    Cell. 2001 Sep 7;106(5):527-30 PMID: 11551499
  17. The proteasome regulates the UV-induced activation of the AP-1-like transcription factor Gcn4.
    Genes Dev. 2001 Jan 15;15(2):128-33 PMID: 11157770
  18. ERCC6, a member of a subfamily of putative helicases, is involved in Cockayne's syndrome and preferential repair of active genes.
    Cell. 1992 Dec 11;71(6):939-53 PMID: 1339317
  19. Ultraviolet radiation-induced ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Implications for transcription-coupled DNA repair.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 27;273(9):5184-9 PMID: 9478972
  20. Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair gene RAD6 that encodes a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, increases in response to DNA damage and in meiosis but remains constant during the mitotic cell cycle.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Feb 25;18(4):771-8 PMID: 2179869
  21. Rsp5 ubiquitin-protein ligase mediates DNA damage-induced degradation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;19(10 ):6972-9 PMID: 10490634
  22. Induction of the Escherichia coli lactose operon selectively increases repair of its transcribed DNA strand.
    Nature. 1989 Nov 2;342(6245):95-8 PMID: 2554145
  23. The RAD7, RAD16, and RAD23 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: requirement for transcription-independent nucleotide excision repair in vitro and interactions between the gene products.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Feb;17(2):635-43 PMID: 9001217
  24. The XPB subunit of repair/transcription factor TFIIH directly interacts with SUG1, a subunit of the 26S proteasome and putative transcription factor.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Jun 15;25(12):2274-83 PMID: 9173976
  25. Translocation of Cockayne syndrome group A protein to the nuclear matrix: possible relevance to transcription-coupled DNA repair.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 8;99(1):201-6 PMID: 11782547
  26. A gated channel into the proteasome core particle.
    Nat Struct Biol. 2000 Nov;7(11):1062-7 PMID: 11062564
  27. Peptide-N-glycanases and DNA repair proteins, Xp-C/Rad4, are, respectively, active and inactivated enzymes sharing a common transglutaminase fold.
    Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Aug 1;10(16):1627-30 PMID: 11487565
  28. Proteins containing the UBA domain are able to bind to multi-ubiquitin chains.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Oct;3(10):939-43 PMID: 11584278
  29. Two RING finger proteins mediate cooperation between ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in DNA repair.
    EMBO J. 2000 Jul 3;19(13):3388-97 PMID: 10880451
  30. The 26S proteasome negatively regulates the level of overall genomic nucleotide excision repair.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Dec 15;28(24):4839-45 PMID: 11121474
  31. Expression of UMP1 is inducible by DNA damage and required for resistance of S. cerevisiae cells to UV light.
    Curr Genet. 2000 Aug;38(2):53-9 PMID: 10975253
  32. Gcn2 mediates Gcn4 activation in response to glucose stimulation or UV radiation not via GCN4 translation.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):16944-51 PMID: 11350978
  33. Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jan 19;96(2):424-8 PMID: 9892649
  34. Defective Kin28, a subunit of yeast TFIIH, impairs transcription-coupled but not global genome nucleotide excision repair.
    Mutat Res. 1998 Dec 14;409(3):181-8 PMID: 9875293
  35. Cockayne syndrome group B protein enhances elongation by RNA polymerase II.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 14;94(21):11205-9 PMID: 9326587
  36. Expression of wild-type p53 is required for efficient global genomic nucleotide excision repair in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Oct 31;272(44):28073-80 PMID: 9346961
  37. The 19S regulatory complex of the proteasome functions independently of proteolysis in nucleotide excision repair.
    Mol Cell. 1999 Jun;3(6):687-95 PMID: 10394357
  38. Recruitment of a 19S proteasome subcomplex to an activated promoter.
    Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):548-50 PMID: 11964484
  39. UV-induced inhibition of transcription involves repression of transcription initiation and phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 12;97(19):10503-8 PMID: 10973477
  40. Chromosomal localization of three repair genes: the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene and two human homologs of yeast RAD23.
    Genomics. 1994 Oct;23(3):651-8 PMID: 7851894
  41. The DNA repair protein rad23 is a negative regulator of multi-ubiquitin chain assembly.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;2(9):601-8 PMID: 10980700
  42. Mammalian DNA nucleotide excision repair reconstituted with purified protein components.
    Cell. 1995 Mar 24;80(6):859-68 PMID: 7697716
  43. Molecular cloning of the human DNA excision repair gene ERCC-6.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Nov;10(11):5806-13 PMID: 2172786
  44. UV-induced ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II: a novel modification deficient in Cockayne syndrome cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 15;93(21):11586-90 PMID: 8876179
  45. Strand-selective repair of DNA damage in the yeast GAL7 gene requires RNA polymerase II.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):23175-82 PMID: 1429664
  46. Proteolysis of a nucleotide excision repair protein by the 26 S proteasome.
    Curr Genet. 2002 Oct;42(1):9-20 PMID: 12420141
  47. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by the Cockayne syndrome B DNA repair-transcription-coupling factor.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;20(20):7643-53 PMID: 11003660
  48. The DNA-dependent ATPase activity of yeast nucleotide excision repair factor 4 and its role in DNA damage recognition.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Mar 13;273(11):6292-6 PMID: 9497356
  49. Transcription-coupled repair in RNA polymerase I-transcribed genes of yeast.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 22;99(2):649-54 PMID: 11782531
  50. Ump1p is required for proper maturation of the 20S proteasome and becomes its substrate upon completion of the assembly.
    Cell. 1998 Feb 20;92(4):489-99 PMID: 9491890
  51. Yeast DNA repair protein RAD23 promotes complex formation between transcription factor TFIIH and DNA damage recognition factor RAD14.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Apr 14;270(15):8385-8 PMID: 7721729
  52. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and human disease.
    Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Sep-Oct;71(1-2):261-6 PMID: 11001820
  53. Alterations in a yeast protein resembling HIV Tat-binding protein relieve requirement for an acidic activation domain in GAL4.
    Nature. 1992 Jun 25;357(6380):698-700 PMID: 1614516
  54. UV-damaged DNA-binding proteins are targets of CUL-4A-mediated ubiquitination and degradation.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):48175-82 PMID: 11673459
  55. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair gene RAD23 encodes a nuclear protein containing a ubiquitin-like domain required for biological function.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Dec;13(12):7757-65 PMID: 8246991
  56. The N-end rule is mediated by the UBC2(RAD6) ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Aug 15;88(16):7351-5 PMID: 1651502
  57. Transcription, nucleosome stability, and DNA repair in a yeast minichromosome.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 25;267(9):5996-6005 PMID: 1556111
  58. Rpn4p acts as a transcription factor by binding to PACE, a nonamer box found upstream of 26S proteasomal and other genes in yeast.
    FEBS Lett. 1999 Apr 30;450(1-2):27-34 PMID: 10350051
  59. Interaction of hHR23 with S5a. The ubiquitin-like domain of hHR23 mediates interaction with S5a subunit of 26 S proteasome.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 24;274(39):28019-25 PMID: 10488153
  60. Preferential repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the transcribed strand of a gene in yeast chromosomes and plasmids is dependent on transcription.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10696-700 PMID: 1438266
  61. Human fibroblasts expressing the human papillomavirus E6 gene are deficient in global genomic nucleotide excision repair and sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation.
    Cancer Res. 1998 Feb 15;58(4):599-603 PMID: 9485006
  62. GFP-labelling of 26S proteasomes in living yeast: insight into proteasomal functions at the nuclear envelope/rough ER.
    Mol Biol Rep. 1999 Apr;26(1-2):131-5 PMID: 10363659
  63. RAD26, the functional S. cerevisiae homolog of the Cockayne syndrome B gene ERCC6.
    EMBO J. 1994 Nov 15;13(22):5361-9 PMID: 7957102
  64. Reconstitution of yeast nucleotide excision repair with purified Rad proteins, replication protein A, and transcription factor TFIIH.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 2;270(22):12973-6 PMID: 7768886
  65. Inhibition of transcription and strand-specific DNA repair by alpha-amanitin in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
    Mutat Res. 1992 Aug;274(2):93-101 PMID: 1378211
  66. A ubiquitin mutant with specific defects in DNA repair and multiubiquitination.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;15(3):1265-73 PMID: 7862120
  67. A possible yeast homolog of human active-gene-repairing helicase ERCC6+.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 May 30;201(1):310-7 PMID: 8198589
  68. Transcription-coupled and DNA damage-dependent ubiquitination of RNA polymerase II in vitro.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4239-44 PMID: 11904382
  69. Regulatory networks revealed by transcriptional profiling of damaged Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: Rpn4 links base excision repair with proteasomes.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Nov;20(21):8157-67 PMID: 11027285
  70. Transcription-dependent and independent DNA excision repair pathways in human cells.
    Mutat Res. 1992 Jun;274(1):57-64 PMID: 1375332
  71. 26 S proteasomes function as stable entities.
    J Mol Biol. 2002 Jan 25;315(4):627-36 PMID: 11812135
  72. UBA domains of DNA damage-inducible proteins interact with ubiquitin.
    Nat Struct Biol. 2001 May;8(5):417-22 PMID: 11323716
  73. Rad23 links DNA repair to the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway.
    Nature. 1998 Feb 12;391(6668):715-8 PMID: 9490418
  74. The ubiquitin system.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1997 Oct;22(10):383-7 PMID: 9357313
  75. A Rad26-Def1 complex coordinates repair and RNA pol II proteolysis in response to DNA damage.
    Nature. 2002 Feb 21;415(6874):929-33 PMID: 11859374
Article Info
Journal
Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology
Abbr.
J Biomed Biotechnol
ISSN
1110-7251
Published
2002-00-00
Pages
94-105
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
101135740
PMCID
PMC153791
Grants
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA083875 · United States
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com