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PMID: 11432809 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Sex-associated hormones and immunity to protozoan parasites.

Clinical microbiology reviews ·Vol. 14 ·No. 3 ·2001-07-00 ·Pages 476-88

Roberts CW, Walker W, Alexander J

Abstract

Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have noted differences in the incidence and severity of parasitic diseases between males and females. Although in some instances this may be due to gender-associated differences in behavior, there is overwhelming evidence that sex-associated hormones can also modulate immune responses and consequently directly influence the outcome of parasitic infection. Animal models of disease can often recreate the gender-dependent differences observed in humans, and the role of sex-associated hormones can be confirmed by experimentally altering their levels. Under normal circumstances, levels of sex hormones not only differ between males and females but vary according to age. Furthermore, not only are females of reproductive age subject to the regular hormonal cycles which control ovulation, they are also exposed to dramatically altered levels during pregnancy. It is thus not surprising that the severity of many diseases, including those caused by parasites, has been shown to be affected by one or more of these circumstances. In addition, infection with many pathogens has been shown to have an adverse influence on pregnancy. In this article we review the impact of sex-associated hormones on the immune system and the development and maintenance of immunity to the intracellular protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., and Leishmania spp.

MeSH Terms
Animals Female Gonadal Steroid Hormones/physiology Humans Immunity Immunity, Innate Leishmania/immunology Male Plasmodium/immunology Pregnancy Protozoan Infections/immunology,parasitology Sex Characteristics Toxoplasma/immunology
Chemicals
Gonadal Steroid Hormones
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Roberts C W
Department of Immunology, Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor St., Glasgow G4 ONR, Scotland, United Kingdom. c.w.roberts@strath.ac.uk
Walker W
Alexander J
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Article Info
Journal
Clinical microbiology reviews
Abbr.
Clin Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0893-8512
DOI
10.1128/CMR.14.3.476-488.2001
Email
c.w.roberts@strath.ac.uk
Published
2001-07-00
Pages
476-88
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8807282
PMCID
PMC88985
Subset
IM
Grants
Wellcome Trust · United Kingdom
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.3.476-488.2001 PMC Full Text View journal details
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