SMAD2属于SMAD基因家族,是转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)信号通路中的关键调控蛋白。SMAD家族成员主要参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和胚胎发育等过程,其共性是通过磷酸化激活并形成复合物转入细胞核内调控靶基因表达。SMAD2在TGF-β信号传导中起核心作用,当TGF-β配体与受体结合后,SMAD2被磷酸化并与SMAD4形成复合物,进入细胞核调控靶基因转录,影响细胞周期阻滞、上皮-间质转化(EMT)和免疫调节等功能。SMAD2突变可能导致信号传导异常,与多种疾病相关,如癌症(如结直肠癌、胰腺癌)、心血管疾病和纤维化疾病。SMAD2功能丧失突变可能促进肿瘤发生,因其失去对细胞生长的抑制作用;而某些突变可能导致发育缺陷,如Loeys-Dietz综合征。SMAD2过表达可能增强TGF-β信号,促进纤维化或肿瘤转移;而表达降低可能削弱TGF-β的抑癌作用,导致细胞异常增殖。SMAD2与SMAD3功能部分重叠,但SMAD2独特参与Activin/Nodal通路,对胚胎发育至关重要。此外,SMAD2的活性受泛素化、乙酰化等翻译后修饰调控,其异常与疾病进展密切相关。研究SMAD2有助于理解TGF-β通路在疾病中的作用并为治疗提供靶点。
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]
由该基因编码的蛋白质属于SMAD,一个家庭类似于果蝇基因的母亲对decapentaplegic‘(MAD)的基因产物的蛋白质和线虫基因的Sma。 SMAD蛋白是信号转导和介导多种信号传导途径的转录调节剂。该蛋白介导的转化生长因子(TGF)-beta的信号,从而调节多种细胞过程,如细胞增殖,凋亡和分化。该蛋白质是通过其与SMAD锚受体激活(SARA)蛋白质相互作用募集到的TGF-β受体。响应于TGF-β的信号,这种蛋白是由TGF-β受体磷酸化。磷酸化诱导该蛋白与SARA和家人SMAD4协会的分离。与SMAD4的关联是此蛋白质易位至细胞核,在那里它结合到靶启动子,并形成与其他辅因子转录阻遏复杂重要。该蛋白质也可以通过激活素1型受体激酶磷酸化,并介导从激活的信号。可变剪接转录物变体已经观察到这种基因。 [由RefSeq的,2012年5月提供]
SMAD2基因(以及对应的蛋白质)的细胞分布位置:
SMAD2基因的本体(GO)信息:
| 名称 |
|---|
| 4350 TGF-beta signaling pathway [PATH:hsa04350] |
| 4390 Hippo signaling pathway [PATH:hsa04390] |
| 4068 FoxO signaling pathway [PATH:hsa04068] |
| 4144 Endocytosis [PATH:hsa04144] |
| 4110 Cell cycle [PATH:hsa04110] |
| 4520 Adherens junction [PATH:hsa04520] |
| 4550 Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells [PATH:hsa04550] |
| 5200 Pathways in cancer [PATH:hsa05200] |
| 5205 Proteoglycans in cancer [PATH:hsa05205] |
| 5210 Colorectal cancer [PATH:hsa05210] |
| 5212 Pancreatic cancer [PATH:hsa05212] |
| 5321 Inflammatiory bowel disease (IBD) [PATH:hsa05321] |
| 5166 HTLV-I infection [PATH:hsa05166] |
| 5142 Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) [PATH:hsa05142] |
| 名称 |
|---|
| Developmental Biology |
| Disease |
| Diseases of signal transduction |
| Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity |
| Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling |
| Gene Expression |
| Generic Transcription Pathway |
| Loss of Function of SMAD2/3 in Cancer |
| Loss of Function of SMAD4 in Cancer |
| Loss of Function of TGFBR1 in Cancer |
| Signaling by Activin |
| Signaling by NODAL |
| Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex |
| Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex in Cancer |
| SMAD2/3 MH2 Domain Mutants in Cancer |
| SMAD2/3 Phosphorylation Motif Mutants in Cancer |
| SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription |
| SMAD4 MH2 Domain Mutants in Cancer |
| TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADs |
| TGFBR1 KD Mutants in Cancer |
| Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer |
| Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells |
| 疾病名称 | 关系值 | NofPmids | NofSnps | 来源 |
| Hepatitis, Chronic | 0.12 | 1 | 0 | CTD_human |
| Acromicric Dysplasia | 0.12 | 1 | 0 | CTD_human |
| Ventricular Remodeling | 0.12 | 1 | 0 | CTD_human |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental | 0.12 | 1 | 0 | CTD_human |
| Craniofacial Abnormalities | 0.12 | 2 | 0 | CTD_human |
| Copper-Overload Cirrhosis | 0.12 | 1 | 0 | CTD_human |
| Colorectal Cancer | 0.009077134 | 18 | 0 | BeFree_GAD |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 0.007348794 | 9 | 0 | BeFree_LHGDN |
| Liver carcinoma | 0.005981653 | 13 | 0 | BeFree_LHGDN |
| Asthma | 0.003267234 | 3 | 0 | BeFree_LHGDN |
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