DMD (dystrophin)

symbol:
DMD
locus group:
protein-coding gene
location:
Xp21.2-p21.1
gene_family:
X-linked mental retardation
alias symbol:
BMD|DXS142|DXS164|DXS206|DXS230|DXS239|DXS268|DXS269|DXS270|DXS272
alias name:
muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and B…
entrez id:
1756
ensembl gene id:
ENSG00000198947
ucsc gene id:
uc004dda.2
refseq accession:
NM_004006
hgnc_id:
HGNC:2928
approved reserved:
1986-01-01
Xp21.2-p21.1
基因染色体位置图

DMD基因位于X染色体上(Xp21.2),编码抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin),这是一种对维持肌肉细胞膜稳定性至关重要的细胞骨架蛋白。抗肌萎缩蛋白主要分布于骨骼肌、心肌和平滑肌,通过与肌动蛋白、肌营养不良蛋白糖蛋白复合物(DGC)结合,在肌肉收缩时保护肌纤维免受机械损伤。DMD基因突变(如缺失、重复或点突变)会导致抗肌萎缩蛋白功能缺失,引发杜氏肌营养不良症(DMD),表现为进行性肌肉萎缩、心肌病和呼吸衰竭;若产生部分功能性蛋白则可能引起较温和的贝克型肌营养不良症(BMD)。该基因属于肌营养不良蛋白基因家族,成员均含有串联的spectrin样重复结构域,参与细胞骨架与细胞外基质的连接。DMD过表达在动物模型中显示可改善肌肉功能,但人类罕见;而表达降低或缺失会引发肌膜脆弱、钙离子内流异常、肌肉坏死,并伴随继发性炎症反应。DMD突变还可能影响DGC复合物中其他蛋白(如肌聚糖)的稳定性,导致信号传导紊乱。此外,抗肌萎缩蛋白在大脑皮层和海马体也有表达,其缺失可能引起认知障碍。基因治疗策略如外显子跳跃、微型抗肌萎缩蛋白递送或CRISPR编辑正在临床试验中。

The dystrophin gene is the largest gene found in nature, measuring 2.4 Mb. The gene was identified through a positional cloning approach, targeted at the isolation of the gene responsible for Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) Muscular Dystrophies. DMD is a recessive, fatal, X-linked disorder occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 3,500 new-born males. BMD is a milder allelic form. In general, DMD patients carry mutations which cause premature translation termination (nonsense or frame shift mutations), while in BMD patients dystrophin is reduced either in molecular weight (derived from in-frame deletions) or in expression level. The dystrophin gene is highly complex, containing at least eight independent, tissue-specific promoters and two polyA-addition sites. Furthermore, dystrophin RNA is differentially spliced, producing a range of different transcripts, encoding a large set of protein isoforms. Dystrophin (as encoded by the Dp427 transcripts) is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein which is found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which bridges the inner cytoskeleton (F-actin) and the extra-cellular matrix. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

的dystrophin基因是自然界中发现的最大的基因,measu环2.4 MB。该基因是通过一个定位克隆方法鉴定,定位于负责杜氏(DMD)和贝克尔(BMD)肌营养不良基因的分离。 DMD是一种隐性,致命的,X连锁在约1在3500新出生的男性的频率发生紊乱。 BMD是一个温和的等位基因形式。在一般情况下,DMD患者携带这导致过早翻译终止(无义或移码突变),而在BMD患者肌养要么在分子量(从帧缺失衍生)或表达水平降低的突变。肌营养不良蛋白基因是高度复杂的,含有至少8个独立的组织特异性启动子和两个聚腺苷酸加成位点。此外,抗肌萎缩蛋白的RNA剪接的差异,产生了一系列不同的成绩单,编码大组蛋白亚型。肌营养不良蛋白(如由Dp427转录编码的)是其在肌肉纤维的内表面发现了一个大的,杆状细胞骨架蛋白。肌营养不良是肌养蛋白糖蛋白复合物(DGC),该桥接内细胞骨架(F-肌动蛋白)和细胞外基质的一部分。 [由RefSeq的,2008年7月提供]

CCND1基因的碱基序列:[NCBI]
Loading Gene Browser...
DMD基因的碱基突变:           仅显示部分snp
rs780962503       rs780152680       rs779851143       rs778540972       rs777833331       rs776336213       rs777259693       rs775976463       rs775193181       rs774998758       rs771650552       rs770720322       rs770218074       rs768310487       rs766700148       rs764742139       rs763640055      

DMD基因在不同组织中的表达:    [UniProt]

基因在不同组织中的表达图
正向引物序列
正向Tm值
反向引物序列
反向Tm值
评分
TATGCAACAGGATCAGTGC
58
TTGGAGGTCCTTTACATGGT
59
TCTCAACAGATCACGGTCAG
60
GTAGGCATAGCTCTTGAATCG
59
GAAGATCTTCTCAGTCCTCCC
59
GTATTTCTTCCTCTTGAACTAGGG
59
TAAGGCGATTTGACAGATCTG
58
CCTGGAGTTCCTTAAGATACC
57
GAAGTAGAGGACTGTTATGAAAGAG
59
TCCATGTGTTTCTGGTATTCCT
60
GAAGATCTTCTCAGTCCTCCC
59
GTATTTCTTCCTCTTGAACTAGGG
59
GGTGGGAAGAAGTAGAGGA
58
CTGATGAGAATGATGGTTTCCAG
60
ATCTCAGCACTTTCTTTCCA
57
GTCTCGTGGTTGATATAGTAGG
58
TCCCTAGTTCAAGAGGACAC
59
ATACTAAGGACTCCATCGCTC
59
AATGCTCTCAAGGATTTGAGG
58
CTGCCTCTTGTACTGATACCA
59
转录因子
影响基因
影响类型
参考文献链接(PubMed)
SRF
DMD
Unknown

DMD基因(以及对应的蛋白质)的细胞分布位置:

[UniProt]     [GenomeNet]

" d="M482.414,245.296c3.539,4.293,4.455,10.009,0.202,11 c-4.244,0.996-4.983-10.983-8.293-8.438c-5.271,4.08,9.834,12.271,5.144,17.287c-3.717,3.607-6.172-5.75-10.839-1.976 c-4.673,3.776,6.781,7.299,2.831,11.326c-4.354,4.045-6.979-1.449-9.837-5.517c-1.193-1.742-2.059-3.851-3.595-2.748 c-1.516,1.078-1.854,1.795-0.938,3.666c2.374,4.854,9.235,10.119,5.156,12.535c-5.636,3.346-5.044-8.871-9.426-7.574 c-4.388,1.291,2.557,10.66-1.245,11.141c-4.089,0.545-3.483-10.239-6.979-8.575c-2.522,1.206-0.929,3.071-0.938,4.899 c0.004,1.32-0.964,3.6-2.372,4.062c-3.593,1.171-8.544-1.065-10.251-3.59c-6.04-8.93,0.396-15.997,4.639-7.015 c3.023,4.642,5.182,0.834,2.839-2.219c-1.032-1.354-4.309-5.901-0.781-7.252c2.904-1.113,4.271,1.941,5.985,4.592 c2.61,4.016,5.485,0.117,3.031-3.414c-1.828-2.633-2.74-3.803,3.156-7.42c6.405-4.369,6.52,3.869,10.077,0.646 c2.309-1.832-4.783-5.149,0.06-8.995c2.896-2.293,5.18,6.207,7.961,3.516c3.523-2.737-7.717-7.369,0.117-11.736 C473.413,240.77,480.519,242.891,482.414,245.296z"/> Extracellular space Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi Apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion 0 1 2 3 4 5 Confidence
  • 质膜
  • 细胞质
  • 细胞外
  • 高尔基体
  • 囊泡
  • 细胞骨架
  • 内质网
  • 细胞核
  • 内体
  • 溶酶体
  • 线粒体

DMD基因的本体(GO)信息:

GO库代码
对应的蛋白质
来源代码
GO:0001954
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0002027
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0002162
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0003779
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005200
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0006355
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0007519
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008065
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0010881
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0014809
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0014904
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0016010
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0016203
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0021629
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0030018
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0030055
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0033137
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0034613
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0035994
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0042383
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0043623
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0044306
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0045121
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0045202
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0045213
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0046716
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0048747
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0050998
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0051647
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0060314
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0060857
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0070373
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0086001
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:1901385
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:1902083
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:2000651
A0A075B6G3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0002162
A0A087WTU7 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0003779
A0A087WTU7 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005200
A0A087WTU7 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
A0A087WTU7 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0016203
A0A087WTU7 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0002162
A0A087WV90 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0003779
A0A087WV90 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005200
A0A087WV90 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
A0A087WV90 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0016203
A0A087WV90 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
E7EQR9 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
E7EQS5 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
E7ESB2 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0002162
E9PDN5 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0003779
E9PDN5 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005200
E9PDN5 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
E9PDN5 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0016203
E9PDN5 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
F5GZY3 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
F8VX32 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
H0Y304 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008270
H0Y3E8 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0002027
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IMP
GO:0002162
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0002162
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0003779
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0003779
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0005200
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005515
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0005634
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0005634
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0005829
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0005829
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0005829
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0005829
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0005856
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0005886
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0007517
P11532 (UniProtKB)
NAS
GO:0008270
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0008307
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0008307
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0009986
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0010880
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0010881
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0010976
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IMP
GO:0014809
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0014819
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0016010
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0016010
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0016010
P11532 (UniProtKB)
NAS
GO:0016010
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0016013
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0016203
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0017022
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0017166
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IPI
GO:0030018
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0030049
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0030055
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0030175
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0031527
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0033137
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0034613
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IMP
GO:0035994
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0042383
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0043034
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0043043
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0043234
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IDA
GO:0043623
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0043623
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0044306
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0044458
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0045121
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0045121
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0045202
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0045211
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0045666
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IMP
GO:0046716
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0048747
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0050998
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0060048
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IMP
GO:0060314
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0086001
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0086001
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0090287
P11532 (UniProtKB)
IMP
GO:1901385
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:1902083
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:1902083
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:2000651
P11532 (UniProtKB)
ISS
GO:0015629
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0016328
P11532 (UniProtKB)
TAS
GO:0003779
Q14174 (UniProtKB)
IEA
GO:0003779
Q4G0X0 (UniProtKB)
IEA

可能调控 DMD基因的相关microRNA:     

Reactome

MINT

BioGrid

IntAct

mentha

String

基因与其他基因之间的相互作用关系图
序号 作用方式 资源库来源/分值 基因名称 基因名称
疾病名称 关系值 NofPmids NofSnps 来源
疾病名称 关系值 NofPmids NofSnps 来源
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne 0.730349803 535 175 BeFree_CLINVAR_CTD_human_GAD_LHGDN_MGD_ORPHANET_UNIPROT
Becker Muscular Dystrophy 0.497741174 205 136 BeFree_CLINVAR_GAD_MGD_ORPHANET_UNIPROT
Dmd-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy 0.371596056 35 213 BeFree_CLINVAR_CTD_human_GAD_UNIPROT
Muscular Dystrophy 0.222732561 455 0 BeFree_CTD_human_GAD_LHGDN
Status Epilepticus 0.2 1 0 CTD_human_RGD
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated 0.138130524 40 0 BeFree_CTD_human_GAD_LHGDN
Cardiomyopathies 0.131053172 36 0 BeFree_CTD_human_GAD
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal 0.120271442 2 0 BeFree_CTD_human
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors 0.120271442 1 0 BeFree_CTD_human
Calcinosis 0.12 1 0 CTD_human

联系方式

山东省济南市 高新区 崇华路359号 三庆世纪财富中心C1115室

电话: 0531-88819269

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

微信公众号

关注微信订阅号,实时查看信息,关注医学生物学动态。