Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum possesses a second fixK-like gene, fixK2, in addition to the previously identified fixK1 gene. The expression of both genes depends in a hierarchical fashion on the low-oxygen-responsive two-component regulatory system FixLJ, whereby FixJ first activates fixK2, whose product then activates fixK1. While the target genes for control by FixK1 are unknown, there is evidence for activation of the fixNOQP, fixGHIS, and rpoN1 genes and some heme biosynthesis and nitrate respiration genes by FixK2. FixK2 also regulates its own structural gene, directly or indirectly, in a negative way.
MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Sequence
Bacterial Proteins/genetics,physiology
Base Sequence
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology
Genes, Bacterial/genetics
Hemeproteins/physiology
Histidine Kinase
Models, Genetic
Molecular Sequence Data
Mutation
Operon/genetics
Oxygen
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Restriction Mapping
Rhizobiaceae/genetics,metabolism
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Transcription, Genetic/genetics
Transcriptional Activation/genetics
Chemicals
Bacterial Proteins
Hemeproteins
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
FixK protein, Bacteria
FixJ protein, Bacteria
FixL protein, Bacteria
Histidine Kinase
Oxygen
Authors & Affiliations
7 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Nellen-Anthamatten D
Mikrobiologisches Institut, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
Rossi P
Preisig O
Kullik I
Babst M
Fischer H M
Hennecke H
References (24)
24 references, click to expand
-
Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Azorhizobium caulinodans: identification of a fixK-like gene, a positive regulator of nifA.
Mol Microbiol. 1991 Aug;5(8):1983-91
PMID: 1766374
-
The regulatory status of the fixL- and fixJ-like genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum may be different from that in Rhizobium meliloti.
Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Jan;225(1):38-48
PMID: 2000090
-
Molecular genetic analysis of the Rhizobium meliloti fixK promoter: identification of sequences involved in positive and negative regulation.
Mol Microbiol. 1992 Jun;6(11):1447-56
PMID: 1625575
-
Anaerobic growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris on 4-hydroxybenzoate is dependent on AadR, a member of the cyclic AMP receptor protein family of transcriptional regulators.
J Bacteriol. 1992 Sep;174(18):5803-13
PMID: 1522059
-
Genes for a microaerobically induced oxidase complex in Bradyrhizobium japonicum are essential for a nitrogen-fixing endosymbiosis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3309-13
PMID: 8386371
-
Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia.
Microbiol Rev. 1994 Sep;58(3):352-86
PMID: 7968919
-
Association of a polynuclear iron-sulfur center with a mutant FNR protein enhances DNA binding.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Mar 28;92(7):2499-503
PMID: 7708673
-
Bradyrhizobium japonicum cytochrome c550 is required for nitrate respiration but not for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
J Bacteriol. 1995 Apr;177(8):2214-7
PMID: 7721713
-
Oxygen control in Rhizobium.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1994;66(1-3):129-50
PMID: 7747928
-
The FNR family of transcriptional regulators.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1994;66(1-3):23-36
PMID: 7747934
-
Oxygen control of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum hemA gene.
J Bacteriol. 1995 Jul;177(14):3979-84
PMID: 7608070
-
Heme synthesis in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis: a palette for bacterial and eukaryotic pigments.
J Bacteriol. 1996 May;178(9):2471-8
PMID: 8626311
-
A high-affinity cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase terminates the symbiosis-specific respiratory chain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
J Bacteriol. 1996 Mar;178(6):1532-8
PMID: 8626278
-
The Bradyrhizobium japonicum fixGHIS genes are required for the formation of the high-affinity cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase.
Arch Microbiol. 1996 May;165(5):297-305
PMID: 8661920
-
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae contains a second fnr/fixK-like gene and an unusual fixL homologue.
Mol Microbiol. 1996 Jul;21(2):267-80
PMID: 8858582
-
Transcriptional regulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase synthesis by oxygen in Bradyrhizobium japonicum and evidence for developmental control of the hemB gene.
J Bacteriol. 1997 Jun;179(11):3706-10
PMID: 9171420
-
FnrN controls symbiotic nitrogen fixation and hydrogenase activities in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae UPM791.
J Bacteriol. 1997 Sep;179(17):5264-70
PMID: 9286975
-
Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997 Dec;61(4):533-616
PMID: 9409151
-
Negative autoregulation of the Rhizobium meliloti fixK gene is indirect and requires a newly identified regulator, FixT.
Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jul;25(1):27-37
PMID: 11902723
-
In vitro insertional mutagenesis with a selectable DNA fragment.
Gene. 1984 Sep;29(3):303-13
PMID: 6237955
-
Rhizobium meliloti fixGHI sequence predicts involvement of a specific cation pump in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
J Bacteriol. 1989 Feb;171(2):929-39
PMID: 2536685
-
fixK, a gene homologous with fnr and crp from Escherichia coli, regulates nitrogen fixation genes both positively and negatively in Rhizobium meliloti.
EMBO J. 1989 Apr;8(4):1279-86
PMID: 2663474
-
Bradyrhizobium japonicum has two differentially regulated, functional homologs of the sigma 54 gene (rpoN).
J Bacteriol. 1991 Feb;173(3):1125-38
PMID: 1991712
-
Characterization of a fixLJ-regulated Bradyrhizobium japonicum gene sharing similarity with the Escherichia coli fnr and Rhizobium meliloti fixK genes.
J Bacteriol. 1992 Apr;174(7):2111-20
PMID: 1551834