Association between the angiotensinogen 235T-variant and essential hypertension in whites: a systematic review and methodological appraisal.

Recently, an allelic variant of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT 235T) has been associated with increased risk of hypertension. However, this finding has not been confirmed by all investigators. A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association between the AGT 235T-allele and hypertension in whites and to identify potential reasons for the controversial results. All relevant articles published between 1992 and 1996 were identified through multiple sources. The studies were methodologically appraised, and the frequency of the AGT 235T-allele was extracted. The 235T-allele frequency was pooled using the common odds ratio (OR) estimator by Mantel-Haenszel. Homogeneity was assessed using the Breslow-Day test. Together these studies present data on 5493 patients. The AGT 235T-allele was significantly associated with hypertension (OR: 1.20; 95% [CI]: 1.11 to 1.29; P<.0001). This association increased in studies with positive family history (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.61, P<.0001), recruitment of cases from referral centers (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.62, P<.0001), and more severe hypertension (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.47, P<.0001). However, the presence of methodological problems in all studies gives rise to serious concerns regarding bias and confounding. Despite a statistically significant, albeit weak, association between the AGT 235T variant and hypertension that has been confirmed through sensitivity analysis, this finding has to be interpreted with caution, as the methodological weaknesses of the individual studies are likely to have biased the outcome of the meta-analysis. Clearly, more rigorous methods need to be applied in association studies on the genetics of human hypertension.