Topological rules for membrane protein assembly in eukaryotic cells.

Insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of model proteins with one, two, and four transmembrane segments and different distributions of positively charged residues in the N-terminal tail and the polar loops has been studied both in vitro and in vivo. Membrane insertion of these same constructs has previously been analyzed in Escherichia coli, thus making possible a detailed comparison between the topological rules for membrane protein assembly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In general, we find that positively charged residues have similar effects on the membrane topology in both systems when they are placed in the N-terminal tail but that the effects of charged residues in internal loops clearly differ. Our results rule out a sequential start-stop transfer model where successive hydrophobic segments insert with alternating orientations starting from the most N-terminal one as the only mechanism for membrane protein insertion in eukaryotic cells.