The induction of gene expression in mammalian cells by radiation.

A large number of genes have now been shown to be inducible in response to radiation in mammalian cells and tissues. Based on extensive studies of stress inducible regulons in bacteria, it is assumed that at least some of the proteins encoded by these genes are involved in an adaptive response to the lethal effects of radiation. Here I review the biological evidence for adaptation, and analyse the functions of radiation inducible genes in the context of their possible roles in cellular protection. Recent progress has been made in understanding how cells sense radiation induced damage. The signal transduction pathways which end in the activation of specific genes is summarized.