Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 8143637 Published · ppublish English Journal Article

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a risk assessment for the urban citizen.

Environmental health perspectives ·Vol. 101 Suppl 3 ·1993-10-00 ·Pages 309-15

Möller L, Lax I, Eriksson LC

Abstract

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are formed during incomplete combustion. Sources include emissions from vehicles (mainly diesel vehicles), heating, smoking, certain types of food processing, and incomplete combustion in general. Nitro-PAHs are direct-acting mutagens, and a number of them have been shown to be carcinogens. 2-Nitrofluorene (NF) represents a model substance for the nitro-PAHs. An attempt has been made to calculate the human cancer risk due to exposure to nitro-PAHs by two different models. In the first model, genotoxic lesions were transferred to units of Gray (gamma-irradiation), and in the second model a mega study (24,000 animals) on the carcinogenicity of one metabolite of NF was used to elucidate the risk. Gamma-irradiation of the rat liver gave rise to preneoplastic foci in a dose-dependent manner, which was statistically significant. The Gray-equivalents of chemically (NF) induced foci were calculated, and from the human nitro-PAH exposure, expressed in Sievert, a human risk estimate was calculated. In the second model, an extrapolation from laboratory animals to man was performed because tumor data on 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a major metabolite of NF, were available in the literature. The tumor dose-response data on AAF was linear for tested lifetime doses. The results of both models agreed, with a risk range of 0.15-49 x 10(-6) on human cancer risk for an urban citizen.

MeSH Terms
Animals Fluorenes/metabolism,toxicity Gamma Rays Health Status Indicators Humans Molecular Structure Mutagens/metabolism,toxicity Nitro Compounds/adverse effects Polycyclic Compounds/adverse effects,chemistry Rats Sweden Urban Health
Chemicals
Fluorenes Mutagens Nitro Compounds Polycyclic Compounds 2-nitrofluorene
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Möller L
Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
Lax I
Eriksson L C
References (52)
52 references, click to expand
  1. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Dec;72(12):5135-9 PMID: 1061098
  2. Identification of 2-nitrofluorene in diesel exhaust particulates.
    J Appl Toxicol. 1981 Jun;1(3):196-8 PMID: 6193162
  3. Effects of dose and time in a long-term, low-dose carcinogenic study.
    J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1980;3(3 Spec No):17-34 PMID: 7365379
  4. Mutagenicity of nitro derivatives induced by exposure of aromatic compounds to nitrogen dioxide.
    Mutat Res. 1981 Aug;85(4):195-205 PMID: 7022189
  5. Mutagenic assay of aromatic nitro compounds with Salmonella typhimurium.
    Mutat Res. 1981 Jul-Sep;91(4-5):321-5 PMID: 7022203
  6. Evidence that nitroarene metabolites form mutagenic adducts with DNA-adenine as well as with DNA-guanine.
    Mutat Res. 1983 Dec;122(3-4):243-9 PMID: 6361534
  7. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of lac dye.
    Food Chem Toxicol. 1984 Aug;22(8):677-9 PMID: 6381266
  8. The role of nitroaromatic compounds in the direct-acting mutagenicity of diesel particle extracts.
    J Appl Toxicol. 1981 Apr;1(2):54-60 PMID: 6206114
  9. Metabolism of 1-[14C]nitropyrene in isolated perfused rat livers.
    Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984 Sep 30;75(3):531-8 PMID: 6474480
  10. Metabolism of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by human intestinal microflora.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Aug 30;123(1):262-70 PMID: 6477581
  11. Teratogenicity in vitro of two deacetylated metabolites of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.
    Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984 Oct;76(1):161-71 PMID: 6484986
  12. Phototransformation of 2-aminofluorene into N-oxidized mutagens.
    Carcinogenesis. 1984 Dec;5(12):1741-3 PMID: 6499127
  13. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes by 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone.
    Mutat Res. 1984 Nov-Dec;138(2-3):181-4 PMID: 6440014
  14. Mutagenicity of photochemical reaction products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with nitrite.
    Sci Total Environ. 1984 Oct;39(1-2):161-75 PMID: 6396840
  15. Studies on comparative decomposition rate by rat liver homogenate and on micronucleus test of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1985 May;34(5):715-21 PMID: 4005451
  16. Mutagenic/carcinogenic agents in indoor pollutants; the dinitropyrenes generated by kerosene heaters and fuel gas and liquefied petroleum gas burners.
    Mutat Res. 1985 Jul;157(1):39-47 PMID: 3892284
  17. Nitroarenes in Suimon River sediment.
    Mutat Res. 1985 Aug-Sep;157(2-3):135-43 PMID: 3894958
  18. The role of DNA sequence and structure of the electrophile on the mutagenicity of nitroarenes and arylamine derivatives.
    Environ Mutagen. 1985;7(5):645-53 PMID: 3899630
  19. Health effects of nitrogen dioxide and oxidants.
    Scand J Work Environ Health. 1985;11 Suppl 3:10-28 PMID: 3911379
  20. Interindividual differences in the activation of two hepatic carcinogens to mutagens by human liver.
    Hum Toxicol. 1986 Jan;5(1):21-6 PMID: 3081427
  21. [Polar neutral organic compounds in urban aerosols. 1. Chemical characterization and mutagenic effect in relation to various sources].
    Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B. 1985 Dec;181(3-5):240-71 PMID: 4096145
  22. Metabolism of 1-nitropyrene in germ-free and conventional rats.
    Jpn J Cancer Res. 1986 Apr;77(4):356-69 PMID: 3084426
  23. [Mutagenic effect of polar organic compounds in atmospheric dust of a test site polluted by fires and automobile exhaust].
    Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 1986;67:235-55 PMID: 2426771
  24. Detection of 1-nitropyrene in yakitori (grilled chicken).
    Mutat Res. 1986 Aug-Sep;171(2-3):105-13 PMID: 3528832
  25. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of 2-nitrofluorene and its derivatives.
    Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom. 1986 Dec;13(12):681-8 PMID: 2952190
  26. Metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene in cultured human lymphocytes.
    Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1987 Mar;55(3):409-18 PMID: 3575877
  27. Mutagenicity, unscheduled DNA synthesis, and metabolism of 1-nitropyrene in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2.
    Cancer Res. 1987 Jun 15;47(12):3163-8 PMID: 3107805
  28. Metabolism of the carcinogenic air pollutant 2-nitrofluorene in the rat.
    Carcinogenesis. 1987 May;8(5):637-45 PMID: 3581422
  29. Metabolism of the carcinogenic air pollutant 2-nitrofluorene in the isolated perfused rat lung and liver.
    Carcinogenesis. 1987 Dec;8(12):1847-52 PMID: 3677309
  30. Atomic bomb doses reassessed.
    Science. 1987 Dec 18;238(4834):1649-51 PMID: 3686005
  31. The role of the intestinal microflora in the formation of mutagenic metabolites from the carcinogenic air pollutant 2-nitrofluorene.
    Carcinogenesis. 1988 May;9(5):823-30 PMID: 3365841
  32. Correlation between induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in the liver and excretion of mutagenic metabolites in the urine of rats exposed to the carcinogenic air pollutant 2-nitrofluorene.
    Carcinogenesis. 1988 Aug;9(8):1465-70 PMID: 3402043
  33. 2-Nitrofluorene and related compounds: prevalence and biological effects.
    Mutat Res. 1988 Sep;196(2):177-209 PMID: 3047568
  34. Age dependent expression of cytochrome P-450b and metabolism of the potent carcinogen 2-nitrofluorene in the rat lung.
    Carcinogenesis. 1988 Dec;9(12):2209-14 PMID: 3191566
  35. The air pollutant 2-nitrofluorene as initiator and promoter in a liver model for chemical carcinogenesis.
    Carcinogenesis. 1989 Mar;10(3):435-40 PMID: 2924391
  36. 2-Nitrofluorene metabolism in the rat lung. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic effects of beta-naphthoflavone treatment.
    Carcinogenesis. 1990 Aug;11(8):1249-54 PMID: 2387010
  37. Studies of the carcinogenic action in the rat of 2-nitro, 2-amino-, 2-acetylamino-, and 2-diacetylaminofluorene after ingestion and after painting.
    J Natl Cancer Inst. 1950 Jun;10(6):1201-13 PMID: 14774696
  38. The carcinogenicity of compounds related to 2-acetylaminofluorene. II. Variations in the bridges and the 2-substituent.
    Cancer Res. 1955 Mar;15(3):188-99 PMID: 14352214
  39. ACTIVATION AND DETOXIFICATION OF N-2-FLUORENYLACETAMIDE IN MAN.
    Cancer Res. 1964 Apr;24:475-9 PMID: 14147821
  40. Metabolism and binding of benzo(a)pyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene by short-term organ cultures of human and rat bladder.
    Cancer Res. 1982 Feb;42(2):642-8 PMID: 6275985
  41. Activity of nitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the sister chromatid exchange assay with and without metabolic activation.
    Environ Mutagen. 1982;4(1):1-5 PMID: 7067667
  42. Diurnal variations in the mutagenicity of airborne particulate organic matter in California's south coast air basin.
    Mutat Res. 1982 Apr;104(1-3):35-41 PMID: 7043251
  43. Metabolism and mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene by human liver and lung.
    Adv Exp Med Biol. 1981;136 Pt B:1193-201 PMID: 7046385
  44. The clastogenic activity of dinitropyrenes in a rat-liver epithelial cell line.
    Mutat Res. 1982 Nov;105(5):349-55 PMID: 7144792
  45. Comparative tumor initiating activity on mouse skin of 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, 6-nitrochrysene, 3-nitroperylene, 1-nitropyrene and their parent hydrocarbons.
    Cancer Lett. 1982 Sep;16(3):333-7 PMID: 6295624
  46. Sampling of vehicle emissions for chemical analysis and biological testing.
    Environ Health Perspect. 1983 Jan;47:65-80 PMID: 6186484
  47. Chemically-induced sister-chromatid exchange in vivo in bone marrow of Chinese hamsters. An evaluation of 24 compounds.
    Mutat Res. 1983 Feb;113(1):33-43 PMID: 6828042
  48. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of nitroarenes. All nitro-containing chemicals were not created equal.
    Mutat Res. 1983 Apr;114(3):217-67 PMID: 6300670
  49. Reduction of the carcinogen 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene by rat intestinal bacteria.
    Carcinogenesis. 1983 Aug;4(8):985-90 PMID: 6347427
  50. MS/MS analysis of diesel emissions and fuels treated with NO2.
    J Appl Toxicol. 1982 Oct;2(5):231-7 PMID: 6192164
  51. The role of intestinal microflora in the metabolic reduction of 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene in conventional and germfree rats and in humans.
    Cancer Lett. 1983 Jul;19(3):311-6 PMID: 6688375
  52. Direct-acting mutagens in automobile exhaust.
    Cancer Lett. 1978 Jul;5(1):39-47 PMID: 80258
Article Info
Journal
Environmental health perspectives
Abbr.
Environ Health Perspect
ISSN
0091-6765
DOI
10.1289/ehp.101-1521131
Published
1993-10-00
Pages
309-15
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0330411
PMCID
PMC1521131
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1289/ehp.101-1521131 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2