An empirical evaluation of qualitative Hennigian analyses of protein electrophoretic data.

In an empirical evaluation of a qualitative approach to construction of phylogenetic trees from protein-electrophoretic data, we have employed Hennigian cladistic principles to generate molecular trees for water-fowl, rodents, bats, and other phylads. This procedure of tree construction is described in detail. Branching structures of molecular trees produced by three different algorithms were compared against those of "model" classifications previously proposed by other systematists. In each case, the qualitative cladistic trees provided fits to model phylogenies which were strong and as good or better than those resulting from phenetic-clustering or distance-Wagner trees based on manipulation of quantitative values in matrices of genetic distance. The qualitative Hennigian approach has several pragmatic (as well as theoretical) advantages for analyzing routine sets of electrophoretic data: (1) the analyses are simple and can be performed by hand; (2) they provide the researcher with a strong "feel" for the data; (3) additional data (from new loci or species) can readily be added to the tree without need to recalculate distance matrices; and (4) the qualitative output of the analyses explicitly defines character states along all branches of the tree, and hence affords a high degree of testability. However, these advantages are counterbalanced by a number of serious disadvantages which will likely limit the general applicability of this qualitative approach. These drawbacks are also discussed in detail. For a deeper appreciation of electrophoretic-based protein phylogenies, it is suggested that both quantitative phenetic and qualitative cladistic analyses be employed when possible, and that results of the two approaches be contrasted.