Genomic organization of Trypanosoma brucei variant antigen gene families in sequential parasitemias.

cDNA libraries were made from mRNA purified from each of seven sequentially isolated variant antigen types (VATs) of the IsTat 1 serodeme. Plasmids containing variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) sequences corresponding to each of the isolates were used in Southern analyses to examine the genomic organization of VSG nucleotide sequences. In most cases, cells expressing a given VSG were shown to have an extra copy of the corresponding VSG gene. In one case an expression-linked copy (ELC) was not detectable. VSG gene rearrangements not obviously correlated with the expression of homologous sequences were detected in four of six VSG gene families. Thus, even cDNAs which detected an ELC revealed additional genomic reorganization in regions flanking VSG sequences. The cells used to initiate the chronic infection expressed the same VSG as those isolated from the first parasitemia. The extent of genomic rearrangement observed between these two sequentially derived populations was comparable to that observed between any of the other serially derived VATs. Thus, within a short period of time and in the absence of detectable antigenic variation, the amount of genetic flux in sequences associated with VSG genes can be substantial.