Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 6123941 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Use of hepatocytes in primary culture for biochemical studies on liver functions.

Molecular and cellular biochemistry ·Vol. 43 ·No. 3 ·1982-04-02 ·Pages 145-60

Ichihara A, Nakamura T, Tanaka K

Abstract

Rat parenchymal hepatocytes isolated with collagenase were cultured as monolayers in Williams medium E supplemented with calf serum. Freshly isolated cells showed very low activities of various liver functions, and they had to be cultured for 6-24 h to allow recovery of these functions. Insulin and dexamethasone greatly increased cell viability in primary. After culture for 24 h, these cells showed various liver functions as seen in vivo and responded well to various added hormones and amino acids. The concentrations of amino acids in the medium regulated synthesis of serum proteins and insulin stimulated lipogenesis, which in turn regulated synthesis of lipoproteins. Insulin also stimulated glycogen synthesis and the stimulation was parallel with the number of insulin receptors. Glucagon stimulated glycogenolysis and its stimulation involved the function of the cytoskeleton. Glucagon and dexamethasone induced various enzymes of amino acid catabolism, such as tryptophan oxygenase, tyrosine aminotransferase and serine dehydratase. These inductions were inhibited by insulin or catecholamine. The effect of catecholamine was due to its alpha-adrenergic action. The beta-action of isoproterenol was low in freshly isolated cells, but increased during culture of the cells. Acquirement of hormonal responses during neonatal development can be studied in this culture system. Mature hepatocytes in culture are usually quiescent, but when insulin and epidermal growth factor were added, DNA synthesis by the cells increased markedly and they showed density-dependent growth. In this culture system, serum could be omitted for 2 days when the dishes were coated with fibronectin without appreciable change of functions, but serum was needed for longer culture of the cells. A factor that increased cell survival was found in serum and in pituitary gland. These results show that hepatocytes in primary culture are a simple and useful system for studies of liver functions in vitro and related works were also reviewed.

MeSH Terms
Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology Amino Acids/metabolism Animals Blood Proteins/biosynthesis Bucladesine/pharmacology Cell Division Cells, Cultured Culture Media Glucagon/pharmacology Glucokinase/biosynthesis Glycogen/metabolism Insulin/pharmacology L-Serine Dehydratase/biosynthesis Lipoproteins/metabolism Liver/drug effects,physiology Pancreatic Hormones/pharmacology Proteins/metabolism Rats Receptor, Insulin/metabolism Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology Tryptophan Oxygenase/metabolism Tyrosine Transaminase/metabolism
Chemicals
Adrenergic beta-Agonists Amino Acids Blood Proteins Culture Media Insulin Lipoproteins Pancreatic Hormones Proteins Receptors, Adrenergic Bucladesine Glycogen Glucagon Tryptophan Oxygenase Tyrosine Transaminase Glucokinase Receptor, Insulin L-Serine Dehydratase
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Ichihara A
Nakamura T
Tanaka K
References (109)
109 references, click to expand
  1. Hormonal regulation of glucokinase in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Dec 25;254(24):12331-6 PMID: 115884
  2. Extended expression of differentiated function in primary cultures of adult liver parenchymal cells maintained on nitrocellulose filters. I. Induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and tyrosine aminotransferase.
    Exp Cell Res. 1978 Jul;114(2):307-15 PMID: 28239
  3. Very low density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion by cultured rat hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Mar 25;254(6):2010-6 PMID: 217875
  4. De novo synthesis of glucokinase in hepatocytes isolated from neonatal rats.
    FEBS Lett. 1980 Feb 25;111(1):115-9 PMID: 6987080
  5. Plasma protein synthesis by isolated rat hepatocytes.
    J Cell Biol. 1977 Jan;72(1):11-25 PMID: 12183
  6. Studies on the alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. I. Studies on the alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase and gluconeogenesis and inactivation of glycogen synthase in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1976 Sep 10;251(17):5200-8 PMID: 8456
  7. Biochemical functions of adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;349:77-84 PMID: 6939375
  8. Respiratory activity of intact, isolated parenchymal cells from rat liver.
    J Biol Chem. 1968 Jun 10;243(11):3105-9 PMID: 4297472
  9. Inhibitor of protein degradation formed during incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes in a cell culture medium. Its identification as ammonia.
    Exp Cell Res. 1977 Jun;107(1):207-17 PMID: 16760
  10. Effects of purine cyclic nucleotides on the growth of neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary tissue culture.
    Exp Cell Res. 1977 Mar 15;105(2):337-47 PMID: 191267
  11. Primary culture of parenchymal liver cells on collagen membranes. Morphological and biochemical observations.
    Exp Cell Res. 1975 Aug;94(1):70-8 PMID: 243
  12. Unique distribution of glycoprotein receptors on parenchymal and sinusoidal cells of rat liver.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Jun 10;254(11):4457-61 PMID: 438199
  13. Effect of insulin on ultrastructure and glycogenesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
    J Cell Biol. 1977 Sep;74(3):878-900 PMID: 409722
  14. The effect of cyclic AMP on glycoprotein secretion in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1980 May;201(2):453-67 PMID: 6249207
  15. Intracellular localization and degradation of asialofetuin in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Jun 1;585(1):71-84 PMID: 87228
  16. Biochemical studies on liver functions in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats. II. Regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism.
    J Biochem. 1979 Oct;86(4):863-70 PMID: 500587
  17. The relationship between the ability of pyridine and substituted pyridines to maintain cytochrome P-450 and inhibit protein synthesis in rat hepatocyte cultures.
    Biochem Pharmacol. 1980 Jun 15;29(12):1773-7 PMID: 7406903
  18. Characteristcs of microsomal enzyme controls in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1979 Jan;192(1):61-72 PMID: 107860
  19. Hormonal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Oct;73(10):3589-93 PMID: 1068471
  20. Hormonal control of ornithine decarboxylase in isolated liver cells and the effect of ethanol oxidation.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Nov 1;587(4):556-66 PMID: 228751
  21. Ascorbic acid deficiency and cytochrome P-450 in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1979 Feb;192(2):569-76 PMID: 107863
  22. Effects of insulin on messenger RNA activities in rat liver.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 Feb 25;256(4):1510-3 PMID: 6161923
  23. Thyroid thermogenesis in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture: direct action of thyroid hormone in vitro.
    J Gen Physiol. 1979 Mar;73(3):369-83 PMID: 220377
  24. Liver cell adenylate cyclase and beta-adrenergic receptors. Increased beta-adrenergic receptor number and responsiveness in the hypothyroid rat.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Sep 25;255(18):8692-9 PMID: 6251063
  25. Multiple hormone requirement for the synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin by monolayers of rat hepatocytes in long term primary culture.
    Endocrinology. 1980 Nov;107(5):1606-13 PMID: 6159203
  26. Studies of C-reactive protein synthesis by primary cultures of rabbit hepatocytes.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;349:387-8 PMID: 6939367
  27. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in cultured foetal hepatocytes from the rat. Ontogeny of hormone inducibility and role of glucocorticoids and insulin in enzyme induction.
    Eur J Biochem. 1980 Feb;104(1):91-9 PMID: 6245873
  28. Primary culture of normal adult rat liver cells which maintain stable urea cycle enzymes.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 May 19;64(2):725-34 PMID: 238517
  29. Role of the cytoskeleton in glycogenolysis stimulated by glucagon in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Dec 31;97(4):1276-82 PMID: 6260086
  30. Cytochrome P-450 induction by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene in primary cultures of hepatocytes.
    Science. 1976 Sep 3;193(4256):907-9 PMID: 948753
  31. The significance of differences between fresh cell suspensions and fresh or maintained monolayers.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;349:57-66 PMID: 6111977
  32. Studies on alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. Relationship between alpha-adrenergic stimulation of calcium efflux and activation of phosphorylase in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1978 Jul 25;253(14):4851-8 PMID: 27509
  33. Biochemical studies on liver functions in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats. I. Hormonal effects on cell viability and protein synthesis.
    J Biochem. 1978 Oct;84(4):937-46 PMID: 711706
  34. Studies on the alpha-andrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. II. Investigation of the roles of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in the actions of phenylephrine in isolated hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1976 Sep 10;251(17):5209-18 PMID: 8457
  35. Regulation of malic enzyme synthesis by insulin triiodothyronine, and glucagon in liver cells in culture.
    J Biol Chem. 1976 May 25;251(10):3027-32 PMID: 944696
  36. Cell types in long-term propagable cultures of rat liver.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;349:128-37 PMID: 7013608
  37. Regulation of ATP-citrate lyase in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Dec 10;254(23):12169-73 PMID: 115879
  38. Hormonal control of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1973 Aug 10;248(15):5333-43 PMID: 4358611
  39. The effect of ammonia, chloroquine, leupeptin, colchicine and cytochalasin B on degradation of high density lipoproteins in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Exp Cell Res. 1980 Nov;130(1):127-35 PMID: 7192635
  40. Primary monolayer cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells suitable for study of the regulation of enzyme synthesis.
    In Vitro. 1974 May-Jun;9(6):399-413 PMID: 4157202
  41. On the mechanism of ligand-induced down-regulation of insulin receptor level in the liver cell.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 Feb 25;256(4):1689-94 PMID: 7007369
  42. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by glucagon and glucocorticoids in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Mar 20;628(3):277-85 PMID: 6989405
  43. Induction of hemoglobin-hydrolase activity by the thiol-protease inhibitors leupeptin and antipain in adult rat liver cells in primary culture.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 Nov 14;91(1):102-7 PMID: 518610
  44. Effect of cobalt on synthesis of heme and cytochrome P-450 in the liver. Studies of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture and in vivo.
    J Biol Chem. 1976 Jul 25;251(14):4421-7 PMID: 932038
  45. Inhibition of protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Biochem J. 1977 May 15;164(2):399-407 PMID: 880245
  46. Conversion of inactive 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase to its active enzyme during culture of rat hepatocytes.
    FEBS Lett. 1980 Jan 14;109(2):171-4 PMID: 7353638
  47. Hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor in rat liver plasma membrane.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 25;255(20):9616-20 PMID: 6253449
  48. Adenylate cyclase permanently uncoupled from hormone receptors in a novel variant of S49 mouse lymphoma cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 May;74(5):2016-20 PMID: 17119
  49. Tyrosine aminotransferase induction in hepatocytes cultured from rat foetuses treated with dexamethasone in utero.
    Biochem J. 1979 Jun 15;180(3):545-9 PMID: 39550
  50. Time-related changes in the synthesis and secretion of very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins by cultured rat hepatocytes.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Jan 26;663(1):83-98 PMID: 7213773
  51. Ultrastructural and functional studies of cultured adult rat hepatocytes.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;349:18-27 PMID: 7013610
  52. Insulin and glucagon as a new regulator system for tryptophan oxygenase activity demonstrated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Aug 25;255(16):7533-5 PMID: 6249804
  53. Apparent maintenance of cytochrome P 450 by nicotinamide in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Life Sci. 1979 Jun 4;24(23):2185-91 PMID: 158116
  54. Synthesis by cultured hepatocytes of somatomedin and its binding protein.
    FEBS Lett. 1979 Mar 1;99(1):157-61 PMID: 437122
  55. High-yield preparation of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells: a biochemical and fine structural study.
    J Cell Biol. 1969 Dec;43(3):506-20 PMID: 4900611
  56. alpha 2 micro-Globulin in the rat. The regulation of the appearance of multiple forms in vivo and in primary cultures of adult hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Oct 10;254(19):9401-7 PMID: 90675
  57. Studies on the role of cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate and extracellular Ca2+ in the regulation of glycogenolysis in rat liver cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1976 May 25;251(10):2987-92 PMID: 178660
  58. The effect of dexamethasone on formation of a fibronectin extracellular matrix by rat hepatocytes in vitro.
    Exp Cell Res. 1980 Feb;125(2):497-502 PMID: 7353606
  59. Activation of protein kinase and glycogen phosphorylase in isolated rat liver cells by glucagon and catecholamines.
    J Biol Chem. 1977 Jan 25;252(2):528-35 PMID: 188818
  60. Hormonal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in primary cultures of adult-rat liver parenchymal cells.
    Eur J Biochem. 1978 Jun 15;87(2):221-7 PMID: 208839
  61. The role of growth hormone, dexamethasone and triiodothyronine in the regulation of glutamine synthetase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Eur J Biochem. 1979 Oct 15;100(2):519-25 PMID: 41714
  62. Plaminogen is synthesized by primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Science. 1980 Jul 18;209(4454):408-10 PMID: 7384814
  63. Growth state-dependent phenotypes of adult hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Apr;75(4):1834-8 PMID: 77017
  64. Glycogenolytic response to glucagon of cultured fetal hepatocytes. Refractoriness following prior exposure to glucagon.
    J Biol Chem. 1975 Jul 25;250(14):5304-11 PMID: 167009
  65. Independent induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dexamethasone and glucagon in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells in suspension and in monolayer culture in serum-free media.
    Exp Cell Res. 1980 Mar;126(1):237-48 PMID: 6102037
  66. Maintenance of glucokinase activity in primary hepatocyte cultures.
    J Cell Physiol. 1980 May;103(2):173-8 PMID: 7002935
  67. The preparation and characterization of intact isolated parenchymal cells from rat liver.
    Methods Cell Biol. 1976;14:327-40 PMID: 1004231
  68. Growth control of differentiated adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;349:111-27 PMID: 7013607
  69. Effect of tunicamycin on the secretion of serum proteins by primary cultures of rat and chick hepatocytes. Studies on transferrin, very low density lipoprotein, and serum albumin.
    J Biol Chem. 1978 Aug 10;253(15):5332-7 PMID: 209036
  70. Coordinate regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase in liver cells of the developing chick in vivo and in culture.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1978 Sep;190(1):332-44 PMID: 30416
  71. Hormonal regulation of amino acid transport and gluconeogenesis in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells.
    J Cell Physiol. 1976 Dec;89(4):641-6 PMID: 188835
  72. Growth control in primary fetal rat liver cells in culture.
    J Cell Physiol. 1975 Feb;85(1):113-23 PMID: 162907
  73. Permissive effect of dexamethasone on glucagon induction of urea-cycle enzymes in perifused primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Eur J Biochem. 1979 Jun;97(1):29-35 PMID: 477671
  74. Hormonal regulation of serine dehydratase activity in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 May 15;100(1):65-72 PMID: 6266411
  75. Maintenance of microsomal cytochromes b5 and P-450 in primary cultures of parenchymal liver cells on collagen membranes.
    Life Sci. 1976 May 15;18(10):1139-44 PMID: 933703
  76. Biosynthesis of transcobalamin II by adult rat liver parenchymal cells in culture.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1976 Apr;173(2):691-702 PMID: 5961
  77. Fetal phenotypic expression by adult rat hepatocytes on collagen gel/nylon meshes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jan;76(1):283-7 PMID: 85301
  78. Inhibition by cycloheximide of degradation of cytochrome P-450 in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells and in vivo.
    Biochem J. 1979 Jun 15;180(3):621-30 PMID: 486136
  79. The effect of protease inhibitors and decreased temperature on the degradation of different classes of proteins in cultured hepatocytes.
    J Cell Physiol. 1979 Dec;101(3):439-57 PMID: 528571
  80. Induction of L-lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase by glucagon and glucocorticoid in developing and adult rats: in vivo and in vitro studies.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Dec 15;633(3):310-6 PMID: 7011389
  81. Albumin, fibrinogen and transferrin synthesis in isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions. A model for the study of plasma protein synthesis.
    Biochem J. 1975 Jan;146(1):141-55 PMID: 1147894
  82. Precocious induction of glucokinase in primary cultures of postnatal rat hepatocytes.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 Nov 28;91(2):515-20 PMID: 518651
  83. Effects of hormones on the synthesis of alpha 1 (acute-phase) glycoprotein in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Biochem J. 1977 Dec 15;168(3):347-52 PMID: 606239
  84. Regulation of lipogenesis and the total activities of lipogenic enzymes in a primary culture of hepatocytes from prenatal and early postnatal chicks.
    J Biol Chem. 1974 Mar 10;249(5):1469-75 PMID: 4206350
  85. Role of insulin, glucose, and cyclic GMP in the regulation of glucokinase in cultured hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1981 Feb 25;256(4):1598-603 PMID: 6257679
  86. Factors regulating the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in fetal rat liver cells in culture.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Sep 21;543(1):10-5 PMID: 213127
  87. Role of cyclic AMP in the actions of catecholamines on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
    Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 1975;5:519-32 PMID: 165683
  88. Influence of insulin, glucocorticoids and glucose on glycogen synthase activity in hepatocyte cultures.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 May 22;629(3):499-509 PMID: 6774764
  89. Metabolic and enzymatic characteristics of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in non-proliferating primary monolayer cultures.
    Exp Cell Res. 1978 Mar 15;112(2):431-41 PMID: 24546
  90. Primary and long-term culture of adult rat liver epithelial cells.
    Methods Cell Biol. 1976;14:357-64 PMID: 187900
  91. Down regulation of insulin receptors in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in monolayer.
    Endocrinology. 1978 Aug;103(2):548-53 PMID: 744100
  92. The activation of liver phosphorylase b kinase by glucagon.
    FEBS Lett. 1976 Jan 15;61(2):213-7 PMID: 1248626
  93. Regulation of cholesterol esterification and biosynthesis in monolayer cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 10;255(19):9128-37 PMID: 7410416
  94. Two phase regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by insulin in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Apr 15;99(3):775-80 PMID: 6113829
  95. Effects of growth hormone and glucagon on ornithine decarboxylase activity and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Endocrinology. 1980 Jan;106(1):125-32 PMID: 6243092
  96. Effects of leupeptin and pepstatin on protein turnover in adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981 Apr 15;208(1):296-304 PMID: 7259184
  97. Parenchymal cells from adult rat liver in nonproliferating monolayer culture. I. Functional studies.
    J Cell Biol. 1973 Dec;59(3):722-34 PMID: 4357460
  98. Production of apolipoproteins E and A-I by rat hepatocytes in primary culture.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 May 28;618(2):347-58 PMID: 6769496
  99. Studies on alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. Studies on role of calcium in alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase.
    J Biol Chem. 1977 Apr 25;252(8):2662-9 PMID: 323250
  100. Very low density lipoprotein secretion by cultured rat hepatocytes. Inhibition by albumin and other macromolecules.
    J Biol Chem. 1980 Mar 10;255(5):2039-45 PMID: 7354074
  101. Procarcinogen activation and hormonal control of cell proliferation in differentiated primary adult rat liver cell cultures.
    Nature. 1977 May 5;267(5606):58-61 PMID: 558527
  102. Hormonal regulation of glucokinase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
    Eur J Biochem. 1979 Jul;98(1):77-82 PMID: 467450
  103. Hormonal requirements for the induction of cytochrome P-450 in hepatocytes cultured in a serum-free medium.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 Feb 14;86(3):710-7 PMID: 570840
  104. Protein-catabolic stage of isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 Jan 24;496(1):182-91 PMID: 836893
  105. DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in short-term cultures of hepatocytes isolated from regenerating rat liver.
    Exp Cell Res. 1976 Jul;100(2):356-64 PMID: 939260
  106. Regulation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity in primary rat hepatocyte cultures.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Sep 30;96(2):748-55 PMID: 7000070
  107. Induction of glucokinase by insulin under the permissive action of dexamethasone in primary rat hepatocyte cultures.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979 May 14;88(1):23-9 PMID: 454445
  108. Preparation of isolated rat liver cells.
    Methods Cell Biol. 1976;13:29-83 PMID: 177845
  109. Regulation of cholesterol synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte culture cells. Possible regulatory site at sterol demethylation.
    J Biol Chem. 1979 Oct 10;254(19):9573-82 PMID: 489551
Article Info
Journal
Molecular and cellular biochemistry
Abbr.
Mol Cell Biochem
ISSN
0300-8177
DOI
10.1007/BF00223006
Published
1982-04-02
Pages
145-60
Language
English
Region
Netherlands
NLM ID
0364456
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1007/BF00223006 View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2