Anomalous dinucleotide frequencies in both coding and non-coding regions from the genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

We have statistically analysed the distribution of nucleotides and dinucleotides in 21 genes of the 81% A + T-rich human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The mRNA-synonymous strands of this protozoan show in general a marked excess of purines over pyrimidines, correlated with abnormally high levels of Lys and Glu. We have used the large differences in base composition between coding and non-coding regions to estimate that the parasite possesses in the range of 2700-5400 genes. The dinucleotide preference patterns are compared with consensus patterns derived from other organisms [Nussinov, Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 1749-1763]. Patterns in the coding regions surprisingly resemble those of higher, rather than lower eukaryotes, particularly with respect to TG elevation and CG suppression. The latter is correlated with an abnormally low level of Arg in these parasites. In the non-coding regions, the four dinucleotides made up of C and/or G are found with significantly higher frequencies than expected (approx. 50-150%), specifically to the 5' side of the coding regions. The possible role of these dinucleotides in control sequences is discussed.