PHYLOGENETICS OF THE LISIANTHIUS SKINNERI (GENTIANACEAE) SPECIES COMPLEX IN PANAMA UTILIZING DNA RESTRICTION FRAGMENT ANALYSIS.

The well-delimited and evolutionary interesting tropical shrub group, the Lisianthius skinneri (Gentianaceae) species complex, was analyzed for variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA by restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. A most parsimonious tree using variations in both DNAs was constructed for seven populations in the group by including an appropriate outgroup. This phylogeny is significantly more compatible with the DNA data than most, but not all, less parsimonious phylogenies. At least two distinct lineages have independently evolved geographically restricted, cloud forest species from the putative ancestral, widespread, and lower elevation L. skinneri. Lisianthius skinneri itself is shown to be paraphyletic with populations derived separately from the two distinct lineages. Except for a switch in the placement of two populations, this DNA-based phylogeny is congruent with an isozyme-based Wagner network depicting relationships in the species complex. Relative rates of divergence, in terms of nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, isozymes, and morphology, differ markedly within and between lineages. The non-transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA is shown to evolve in a manner that is not in accord with a molecular clock hypothesis. Small population sizes, restricted and isolated nature of populations, and probable founder events are suggested as instrumental in causing this lack of concerted divergence within and between lineages of the L. skinneri species complex.