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PMID: 27084738 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Emerging Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research ·Vol. 22 ·No. 8 ·2016-04-15 ·Pages 1845-55

Whiteside TL, Demaria S, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Zarour HM, Melero I

Abstract

Immunotherapy strategies against cancer are emerging as powerful weapons for treatment of this disease. The success of checkpoint inhibitors against metastatic melanoma and adoptive T-cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells against B-cell-derived leukemias and lymphomas are only two examples of developments that are changing the paradigms of clinical cancer management. These changes are a result of many years of intense research into complex and interrelated cellular and molecular mechanisms controling immune responses. Promising advances come from the discovery of cancer mutation-encoded neoantigens, improvements in vaccine development, progress in delivery of cellular therapies, and impressive achievements in biotechnology. As a result, radical transformation of cancer treatment is taking place in which conventional cancer treatments are being integrated with immunotherapeutic agents. Many clinical trials are in progress testing potential synergistic effects of treatments combining immunotherapy with other therapies. Much remains to be learned about the selection, delivery, and off-target effects of immunotherapy used alone or in combination. The existence of numerous escape mechanisms from the host immune system that human tumors have evolved still is a barrier to success. Efforts to understand the rules of immune cell dysfunction and of cancer-associated local and systemic immune suppression are providing new insights and fuel the enthusiasm for new therapeutic strategies. In the future, it might be possible to tailor immune therapy for each cancer patient. The use of new immune biomarkers and the ability to assess responses to therapy by noninvasive monitoring promise to improve early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Personalized immunotherapy based on individual genetic, molecular, and immune profiling is a potentially achievable future goal. The current excitement for immunotherapy is justified in view of many existing opportunities for harnessing the immune system to treat cancer.

MeSH Terms
Animals Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology,therapeutic use Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology,therapeutic use Combined Modality Therapy Humans Immunomodulation/drug effects Immunotherapy Molecular Targeted Therapy Neoplasms/immunology,metabolism,pathology,therapy T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology,metabolism Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects,immunology
Chemicals
Antibodies, Monoclonal Antineoplastic Agents
Authors & Affiliations
5 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Whiteside Theresa L
Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Demaria Sandra
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cornell, New York, New York.
Rodriguez-Ruiz Maria E
Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
Zarour Hassane M
Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Melero Ignacio
Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. imelero@unav.es.
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Article Info
Journal
Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
Abbr.
Clin Cancer Res
ISSN
1557-3265
DOI
10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0049
Email
imelero@unav.es
Published
2016-04-15
Pages
1845-55
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9502500
PMCID
PMC4943317
Subset
IM
Grants
NCI NIH HHS · R01CA201246 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01CA157467 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA168628 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P30 CA047904 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01CA16862 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P30CA047904 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P50 CA121973 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P50CA121973 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA157467 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA201246 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0049 PMC Full Text View journal details
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