Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 26527186 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

The Microbiome and the Respiratory Tract.

Annual review of physiology ·Vol. 78 ·2016-00-00 ·Pages 481-504

Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Martinez FJ, Huffnagle GB

Abstract

Although the notion that "the normal lung is free from bacteria" remains common in textbooks, it is virtually always stated without citation or argument. The lungs are constantly exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the oropharynx and other sources, and over the past decade, novel culture-independent techniques of microbial identification have revealed that the lungs, previously considered sterile in health, harbor diverse communities of microbes. In this review, we describe the topography and population dynamics of the respiratory tract, both in health and as altered by acute and chronic lung disease. We provide a survey of current techniques of sampling, sequencing, and analysis of respiratory microbiota and review technical challenges and controversies in the field. We review and synthesize what is known about lung microbiota in various diseases and identify key lessons learned across disease states.

Keywords
16S rRNA culture independent lung microbial ecology microbiota pulmonary
MeSH Terms
Animals Humans Lung Diseases/microbiology Microbiota/physiology Respiratory System/microbiology
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Dickson Robert P
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; email: rodickso@med.umich.edu.
Erb-Downward John R
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; email: rodickso@med.umich.edu.
Martinez Fernando J
Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.
Huffnagle Gary B
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; email: rodickso@med.umich.edu. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
References (119)
119 references, click to expand
  1. Airway microbiota and pathogen abundance in age-stratified cystic fibrosis patients.
    PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e11044 PMID: 20585638
  2. Microbial community profiling for human microbiome projects: Tools, techniques, and challenges.
    Genome Res. 2009 Jul;19(7):1141-52 PMID: 19383763
  3. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 29;107(26):11971-5 PMID: 20566857
  4. Severity-related changes of bronchial microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Dec;52(12):4217-23 PMID: 25253795
  5. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis.
    Nat Med. 2014 Feb;20(2):159-66 PMID: 24390308
  6. A comparison between droplet digital and quantitative PCR in the analysis of bacterial 16S load in lung tissue samples from control and COPD GOLD 2.
    PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110351 PMID: 25329701
  7. Direct sampling of cystic fibrosis lungs indicates that DNA-based analyses of upper-airway specimens can misrepresent lung microbiota.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 21;109(34):13769-74 PMID: 22872870
  8. A clinical consideration of abscesses and cavities of the lung.
    Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1954 May;94(5):227-37 PMID: 13160680
  9. Surface area of the digestive tract - revisited.
    Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;49(6):681-9 PMID: 24694282
  10. Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Dec 1;190(11):1283-92 PMID: 25329446
  11. Does bacterial density in cystic fibrosis sputum increase prior to pulmonary exacerbation?
    J Cyst Fibros. 2011 Sep;10(5):357-65 PMID: 21664196
  12. How much coughing is normal?
    Arch Dis Child. 1996 Jun;74(6):531-4 PMID: 8758131
  13. Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life.
    J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Oct;131(10):2026-32 PMID: 21697884
  14. The impact of azithromycin therapy on the airway microbiota in asthma.
    Thorax. 2014 Jul;69(7):673-4 PMID: 24287164
  15. Matrix metalloproteinases vary with airway microbiota composition and lung function in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.
    Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 May;12(5):701-7 PMID: 25679336
  16. Macrolide therapy suppresses key features of experimental steroid-sensitive and steroid-insensitive asthma.
    Thorax. 2015 May;70(5):458-67 PMID: 25746630
  17. Effects of cytokines and endotoxin on the intracellular growth of bacteria.
    Infect Immun. 1999 Jun;67(6):2834-40 PMID: 10338488
  18. A NEW METHOD OF ENUMERATING BACTERIA IN AIR.
    Science. 1908 Jul 3;28(705):28-31 PMID: 17834254
  19. Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma.
    N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 24;364(8):701-9 PMID: 21345099
  20. The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis.
    Nat Rev Microbiol. 2003 Oct;1(1):17-24 PMID: 15040176
  21. The daily dynamics of cystic fibrosis airway microbiota during clinical stability and at exacerbation.
    Microbiome. 2015 Apr 01;3:12 PMID: 25834733
  22. The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2015 May 13;17(5):704-15 PMID: 25865368
  23. Reestablishment of recipient-associated microbiota in the lung allograft is linked to reduced risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Mar 15;187(6):640-7 PMID: 23328523
  24. Enrichment of lung microbiome with supraglottic taxa is associated with increased pulmonary inflammation.
    Microbiome. 2013 Jul 01;1(1):19 PMID: 24450871
  25. Effects of reduced mucus oxygen concentration in airway Pseudomonas infections of cystic fibrosis patients.
    J Clin Invest. 2002 Feb;109(3):317-25 PMID: 11827991
  26. Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses.
    BMC Biol. 2014;12:87 PMID: 25387460
  27. Waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation in sleeping dogs.
    J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1978 Nov;45(5):681-9 PMID: 215583
  28. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 May 15;173(10):1114-21 PMID: 16484677
  29. Probiotic supplementation affects pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.
    Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 Jun;45(6):536-40 PMID: 20503277
  30. Towards an ecology of the lung: new conceptual models of pulmonary microbiology and pneumonia pathogenesis.
    Lancet Respir Med. 2014 Mar;2(3):238-46 PMID: 24621685
  31. IL-8 released from human lung epithelial cells induced by cystic fibrosis pathogens Burkholderia cepacia complex affects the growth and intracellular survival of bacteria.
    Int J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jan;301(1):26-33 PMID: 20829108
  32. Impact of graft colonization with gram-negative bacteria after lung transplantation on the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in recipients with cystic fibrosis.
    Respir Med. 2009 May;103(5):743-9 PMID: 19117741
  33. Spatial distribution of microbial communities in the cystic fibrosis lung.
    ISME J. 2012 Feb;6(2):471-4 PMID: 21796216
  34. Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Feb;127(2):372-381.e1-3 PMID: 21194740
  35. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-catecholamine inotrope interactions: a contributory factor in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia?
    Chest. 2012 Nov;142(5):1200-10 PMID: 22556319
  36. The effects of airway microbiome on corticosteroid responsiveness in asthma.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov 15;188(10):1193-201 PMID: 24024497
  37. Analysis of induced sputum in adults with asthma: identification of subgroup with isolated sputum neutrophilia and poor response to inhaled corticosteroids.
    Thorax. 2002 Oct;57(10):875-9 PMID: 12324674
  38. A quantification of the lung surface area in emphysema using computed tomography.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;159(3):851-6 PMID: 10051262
  39. Clinical measures of disease in adult non-CF bronchiectasis correlate with airway microbiota composition.
    Thorax. 2013 Aug;68(8):731-7 PMID: 23564400
  40. Changes in cystic fibrosis airway microbiota at pulmonary exacerbation.
    Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Jun;10(3):179-87 PMID: 23802813
  41. The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct 15;190(8):906-13 PMID: 25184687
  42. Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers and smokers.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 15;187(10):1067-75 PMID: 23491408
  43. Analysis of the bacterial community in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease sputum samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR.
    BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:179 PMID: 25403149
  44. Lung-enriched organisms and aberrant bacterial and fungal respiratory microbiota after lung transplant.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep 15;186(6):536-45 PMID: 22798321
  45. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways.
    PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8578 PMID: 20052417
  46. Bacterial activity in cystic fibrosis lung infections.
    Respir Res. 2005;6:49 PMID: 15929792
  47. Airway inflammation and bronchial microbial patterns in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    Eur Respir J. 1999 Nov;14(5):1015-22 PMID: 10596683
  48. Enhancement of growth of virulent strains of Escherichia coli by interleukin-1.
    Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):430-2 PMID: 1833820
  49. A polymicrobial perspective of pulmonary infections exposes an enigmatic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 30;105(39):15070-5 PMID: 18812504
  50. Susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and clinical response to parenteral antibiotic administration: lack of association in cystic fibrosis.
    Chest. 2003 May;123(5):1495-502 PMID: 12740266
  51. Potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma.
    PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100645 PMID: 24955983
  52. Serial analysis of the gut and respiratory microbiome in cystic fibrosis in infancy: interaction between intestinal and respiratory tracts and impact of nutritional exposures.
    MBio. 2012;3(4). pii: e00251-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00251-12 PMID: 22911969
  53. Cell-associated bacteria in the human lung microbiome.
    Microbiome. 2014 Aug 18;2:28 PMID: 25206976
  54. The role of the microbiome in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases.
    Lancet. 2014 Aug 23;384(9944):691-702 PMID: 25152271
  55. Widespread colonization of the lung by Tropheryma whipplei in HIV infection.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 15;187(10):1110-7 PMID: 23392441
  56. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six-minute-walk test.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Oct 1;174(7):803-9 PMID: 16825656
  57. Modeling the impact of antibiotic exposure on human microbiota.
    Sci Rep. 2014;4:4345 PMID: 24614401
  58. Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 10;109(15):5809-14 PMID: 22451929
  59. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography.
    Nature. 2012 Jun 14;486(7402):222-7 PMID: 22699611
  60. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD.
    PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e16384 PMID: 21364979
  61. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome.
    Sci Transl Med. 2014 May 21;6(237):237ra65 PMID: 24848255
  62. Bronchial microbiome of severe COPD patients colonised by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Jul;33(7):1101-11 PMID: 24449346
  63. The lung microbiome of Ugandan HIV-infected pneumonia patients is compositionally and functionally distinct from that of San Franciscan patients.
    PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95726 PMID: 24752365
  64. Don Juan Pond, Antarctica: near-surface CaCl(2)-brine feeding Earth's most saline lake and implications for Mars.
    Sci Rep. 2013;3:1166 PMID: 23378901
  65. Application of a neutral community model to assess structuring of the human lung microbiome.
    MBio. 2015;6(1). pii: e02284-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02284-14 PMID: 25604788
  66. Distribution and deposition of inhaled particles in respiratory tract.
    Bacteriol Rev. 1961 Sep;25:237-40 PMID: 13905321
  67. Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.
    Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;26(3):322-8 PMID: 17360077
  68. Treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with the addition of co-trimoxazole: a randomised controlled trial.
    Thorax. 2013 Feb;68(2):155-62 PMID: 23143842
  69. Regional differences in the lung.
    Chest. 1978 Oct;74(4):426-37 PMID: 699656
  70. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis.
    N Engl J Med. 2012 May 24;366(21):1968-77 PMID: 22607134
  71. characterization of bacterial community diversity in cystic fibrosis lung infections by use of 16s ribosomal DNA terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Nov;42(11):5176-83 PMID: 15528712
  72. Longitudinal analysis of the lung microbiome in lung transplantation.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2013 Feb;339(1):57-65 PMID: 23173619
  73. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in end-stage lung disease candidates for lung transplant.
    Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Oct;80(4):1254-60 PMID: 16181849
  74. Pseudomonal airway colonisation: risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation?
    Eur Respir J. 2008 May;31(5):1037-45 PMID: 18256072
  75. The internal surface area of the adult human lung.
    J Anat. 1972 Sep;112(Pt 3):391-400 PMID: 4564685
  76. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of the allograft after lung transplantation and the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.
    Transplantation. 2008 Mar 15;85(5):771-4 PMID: 18337673
  77. Spatial Variation in the Healthy Human Lung Microbiome and the Adapted Island Model of Lung Biogeography.
    Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 Jun;12(6):821-30 PMID: 25803243
  78. Pulmonary bacterial communities in surgically resected noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis lungs are similar to those in cystic fibrosis.
    Pulm Med. 2012;2012:746358 PMID: 22448327
  79. Outgrowth of the bacterial airway microbiome after rhinovirus exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov 15;188(10):1224-31 PMID: 23992479
  80. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-first adult lung and heart-lung transplant report--2014; focus theme: retransplantation.
    J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014 Oct;33(10):1009-24 PMID: 25242125
  81. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
    Eur Respir J. 2006 Jan;27(1):136-42 PMID: 16387946
  82. Asthma-associated differences in microbial composition of induced sputum.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Feb;131(2):346-52.e1-3 PMID: 23265859
  83. The role of the bacterial microbiome in lung disease.
    Expert Rev Respir Med. 2013 Jun;7(3):245-57 PMID: 23734647
  84. Loss of GD1-positive Lactobacillus correlates with inflammation in human lungs with COPD.
    BMJ Open. 2015;5(2):e006677 PMID: 25652802
  85. Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens.
    Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):767-82 PMID: 16497587
  86. Intraalveolar Catecholamines and the Human Lung Microbiome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Jul 15;192(2):257-9 PMID: 26177175
  87. Lung transplantation exacerbates gastroesophageal reflux disease.
    Chest. 2003 Nov;124(5):1689-93 PMID: 14605036
  88. Association between the MUC5B promoter polymorphism and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
    JAMA. 2013 Jun 5;309(21):2232-9 PMID: 23695349
  89. Controlled trial of ceftazidime vs. ticarcillin and tobramycin in the treatment of acute respiratory exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis.
    Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 Mar-Apr;4(2):172-7 PMID: 3885181
  90. Aspergillus fumigatus during stable state and exacerbations of COPD.
    Eur Respir J. 2014 Jan;43(1):64-71 PMID: 23598955
  91. Airway microbiome dynamics in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Aug;52(8):2813-23 PMID: 24850358
  92. Bacterial diversity in cases of lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients: 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) length heterogeneity PCR and 16S rDNA terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Aug;41(8):3548-58 PMID: 12904354
  93. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in cystic fibrosis patients with stable, clinically mild lung disease suggest ongoing infection and inflammation.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Aug;150(2):448-54 PMID: 8049828
  94. Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects.
    Chest. 1997 May;111(5):1266-72 PMID: 9149581
  95. Topographic diversity of the respiratory tract mycobiome and alteration in HIV and lung disease.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Apr 15;191(8):932-42 PMID: 25603113
  96. Interkingdom signaling induces Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm dispersion and transition from asymptomatic colonization to disease.
    MBio. 2013;4(4). pii: e00438-13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00438-13 PMID: 23882016
  97. Changes in the lung microbiome following lung transplantation include the emergence of two distinct Pseudomonas species with distinct clinical associations.
    PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97214 PMID: 24831685
  98. Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals.
    MBio. 2015;6(2):e00037 PMID: 25736890
  99. Neutrophil elastase-mediated increase in airway temperature during inflammation.
    J Cyst Fibros. 2014 Dec;13(6):623-31 PMID: 24713593
  100. Impact of storage conditions on metabolite profiles of sputum samples from persons with cystic fibrosis.
    J Cyst Fibros. 2015 Jul;14(4):468-73 PMID: 25725986
  101. Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability.
    J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(10):1589-602 PMID: 12750409
  102. Diversity of microbes in amniotic fluid.
    Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Feb;17(1):2-11 PMID: 22137615
  103. Results of antibiotic susceptibility testing do not influence clinical outcome in children with cystic fibrosis.
    J Cyst Fibros. 2012 Jul;11(4):288-92 PMID: 22436723
  104. Unique microbial communities persist in individual cystic fibrosis patients throughout a clinical exacerbation.
    Microbiome. 2013 Nov 01;1(1):27 PMID: 24451123
  105. Single-molecule long-read 16S sequencing to characterize the lung microbiome from mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Nov;52(11):3913-21 PMID: 25143582
  106. Role of antibiotics and fungal microbiota in driving pulmonary allergic responses.
    Infect Immun. 2004 Sep;72(9):4996-5003 PMID: 15321991
  107. A novel microbiota stratification system predicts future exacerbations in bronchiectasis.
    Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014 May;11(4):496-503 PMID: 24592925
  108. THE SOURCE OF THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE LUNGS OF NORMAL ANIMALS.
    J Exp Med. 1922 Aug 31;36(3):317-28 PMID: 19868674
  109. Microbiology, genomics, and clinical significance of the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex, an unappreciated colonizer of humans.
    Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Oct;27(4):927-48 PMID: 25278578
  110. Clarithromycin targets neutrophilic airway inflammation in refractory asthma.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan 15;177(2):148-55 PMID: 17947611
  111. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and Pneumocystis colonization.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Aug 15;170(4):408-13 PMID: 15117741
  112. Quantification of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using computed tomography and histology.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 May;155(5):1649-56 PMID: 9154871
  113. Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness.
    Am J Med. 1978 Apr;64(4):564-8 PMID: 645722
  114. The lung tissue microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 May 15;185(10):1073-80 PMID: 22427533
  115. Lung microbiome and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an analysis of the COMET study.
    Lancet Respir Med. 2014 Jul;2(7):548-56 PMID: 24767767
  116. Lung microbiota and bacterial abundance in patients with bronchiectasis when clinically stable and during exacerbation.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 15;187(10):1118-26 PMID: 23348972
  117. Indirect assessment of mucosal surface temperatures in the airways: theory and tests.
    J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Nov;63(5):2075-83 PMID: 3693240
  118. Catecholamine induced growth of gram negative bacteria.
    Life Sci. 1992;50(3):203-12 PMID: 1731173
  119. Analysis of culture-dependent versus culture-independent techniques for identification of bacteria in clinically obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
    J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Oct;52(10):3605-13 PMID: 25078910
Article Info
Journal
Annual review of physiology
Abbr.
Annu Rev Physiol
ISSN
1545-1585
DOI
10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105238
Email
rodickso@med.umich.edu
Published
2016-00-00
Epub
2015-00-02
Pages
481-504
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0370600
PMCID
PMC4751994
Subset
IM
Grants
NCATS NIH HHS · UL1 TR000433 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · T32 HL007749 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL114447 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · L30 HL120241 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · K23 HL130641 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105238 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2