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PMID: 26083749 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Temporal and spatial analysis of the 2014-2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa.

Nature ·Vol. 524 ·No. 7563 ·2015-08-06 ·Pages 97-101

Carroll MW, Matthews DA, Hiscox JA, Elmore MJ, Pollakis G, Rambaut A, Hewson R, García-Dorival I, Bore JA, Koundouno R, Abdellati S, Afrough B, Aiyepada J, Akhilomen P, Asogun D, Atkinson B, Badusche M, Bah A, Bate S, Baumann J, Becker D, Becker-Ziaja B, Bocquin A, Borremans B, Bosworth A, Boettcher JP, Cannas A, Carletti F, Castilletti C, Clark S, Colavita F, Diederich S, Donatus A, Duraffour S, Ehichioya D, Ellerbrok H, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Fizet A, Fleischmann E, Gryseels S, Hermelink A, Hinzmann J, Hopf-Guevara U, Ighodalo Y, Jameson L, Kelterbaum A, Kis Z, Kloth S, Kohl C, Korva M, Kraus A, Kuisma E, Kurth A, Liedigk B, Logue CH, Lüdtke A, Maes P, McCowen J, Mély S, Mertens M, Meschi S, Meyer B, Michel J, Molkenthin P, Muñoz-Fontela C, Muth D, Newman EN, Ngabo D, Oestereich L, Okosun J, Olokor T, Omiunu R, Omomoh E, Pallasch E, Pályi B, Portmann J, Pottage T, Pratt C, Priesnitz S, Quartu S, Rappe J, Repits J, Richter M, Rudolf M, Sachse A, Schmidt KM, Schudt G, Strecker T, Thom R, Thomas S, Tobin E, Tolley H, Trautner J, Vermoesen T, Vitoriano I, Wagner M, Wolff S, Yue C, Capobianchi MR, Kretschmer B, Hall Y, Kenny JG, Rickett NY, Dudas G, Coltart CE, Kerber R, Steer D, Wright C, Senyah F, Keita S, Drury P, Diallo B, de Clerck H, Van Herp M, Sprecher A, Traore A, Diakite M, Konde MK, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Avšič-Županc T, Nitsche A, Strasser M, Ippolito G, Becker S, Stoecker K, Gabriel M, Raoul H, Di Caro A, Wölfel R, Formenty P, Günther S

Abstract

West Africa is currently witnessing the most extensive Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak so far recorded. Until now, there have been 27,013 reported cases and 11,134 deaths. The origin of the virus is thought to have been a zoonotic transmission from a bat to a two-year-old boy in December 2013 (ref. 2). From this index case the virus was spread by human-to-human contact throughout Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. However, the origin of the particular virus in each country and time of transmission is not known and currently relies on epidemiological analysis, which may be unreliable owing to the difficulties of obtaining patient information. Here we trace the genetic evolution of EBOV in the current outbreak that has resulted in multiple lineages. Deep sequencing of 179 patient samples processed by the European Mobile Laboratory, the first diagnostics unit to be deployed to the epicentre of the outbreak in Guinea, reveals an epidemiological and evolutionary history of the epidemic from March 2014 to January 2015. Analysis of EBOV genome evolution has also benefited from a similar sequencing effort of patient samples from Sierra Leone. Our results confirm that the EBOV from Guinea moved into Sierra Leone, most likely in April or early May. The viruses of the Guinea/Sierra Leone lineage mixed around June/July 2014. Viral sequences covering August, September and October 2014 indicate that this lineage evolved independently within Guinea. These data can be used in conjunction with epidemiological information to test retrospectively the effectiveness of control measures, and provides an unprecedented window into the evolution of an ongoing viral haemorrhagic fever outbreak.

MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Substitution/genetics Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data Ebolavirus/genetics,isolation & purification Evolution, Molecular Female Guinea/epidemiology Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/epidemiology,transmission,virology High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing Humans Liberia/epidemiology Male Mali/epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Sierra Leone/epidemiology Spatio-Temporal Analysis
Authors & Affiliations
132 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Carroll Miles W
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
Matthews David A
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
Hiscox Julian A
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
Elmore Michael J
Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
Pollakis Georgios
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
Rambaut Andrew
1] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK [2] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [3] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK.
Hewson Roger
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
García-Dorival Isabel
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
Bore Joseph Akoi
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea [3] Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Koundouno Raymond
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea [3] Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Abdellati Saïd
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
Afrough Babak
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Aiyepada John
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Akhilomen Patience
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Asogun Danny
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Atkinson Barry
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Badusche Marlis
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Bah Amadou
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
Bate Simon
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Baumann Jan
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Becker Dirk
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Becker-Ziaja Beate
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Bocquin Anne
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.
Borremans Benny
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
Bosworth Andrew
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
Boettcher Jan Peter
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Cannas Angela
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Carletti Fabrizio
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Castilletti Concetta
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Clark Simon
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Colavita Francesca
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Diederich Sandra
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
Donatus Adomeh
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Duraffour Sophie
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Ehichioya Deborah
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Redeemer's University, Osun State, Nigeria.
Ellerbrok Heinz
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Fernandez-Garcia Maria Dolores
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Fizet Alexandra
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69365 Lyon, France.
Fleischmann Erna
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
Gryseels Sophie
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
Hermelink Antje
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Hinzmann Julia
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Hopf-Guevara Ute
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Ighodalo Yemisi
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Jameson Lisa
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Kelterbaum Anne
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Kis Zoltan
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.
Kloth Stefan
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Kohl Claudia
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Korva Miša
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Kraus Annette
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden.
Kuisma Eeva
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Kurth Andreas
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Liedigk Britta
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Logue Christopher H
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Lüdtke Anja
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
Maes Piet
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
McCowen James
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Mély Stéphane
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.
Mertens Marc
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
Meschi Silvia
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Meyer Benjamin
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
Michel Janine
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Molkenthin Peter
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
Muñoz-Fontela César
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
Muth Doreen
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
Newman Edmund N C
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Ngabo Didier
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Oestereich Lisa
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Okosun Jennifer
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Olokor Thomas
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Omiunu Racheal
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Omomoh Emmanuel
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Pallasch Elisa
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Pályi Bernadett
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.
Portmann Jasmine
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
Pottage Thomas
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Pratt Catherine
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Priesnitz Simone
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bundeswehr Hospital, 22049 Hamburg, Germany.
Quartu Serena
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Rappe Julie
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
Repits Johanna
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Janssen-Cilag, SE-192 07 Sollentuna, Sweden.
Richter Martin
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Rudolf Martin
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Sachse Andreas
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Schmidt Kristina Maria
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Schudt Gordian
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Strecker Thomas
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Thom Ruth
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Thomas Stephen
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Tobin Ekaete
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
Tolley Howard
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Trautner Jochen
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Thünen Institute, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany.
Vermoesen Tine
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
Vitoriano Inês
1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
Wagner Matthias
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
Wolff Svenja
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Yue Constanze
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Capobianchi Maria Rosaria
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Kretschmer Birte
Eurice - European Research and Project Office GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
Hall Yper
Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
Kenny John G
Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
Rickett Natasha Y
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
Dudas Gytis
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK.
Coltart Cordelia E M
Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK.
Kerber Romy
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Steer Damien
Research IT, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK.
Wright Callum
Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK.
Senyah Francis
Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
Keita Sakoba
Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.
Drury Patrick
World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Diallo Boubacar
World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea.
de Clerck Hilde
Médecins Sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Van Herp Michel
Médecins Sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Sprecher Armand
Médecins Sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Traore Alexis
Section Prévention et Lutte contre la Maladie à la Direction Préfectorale de la Santé de Guéckédou, Guéckédou, Guinea.
Diakite Mandiou
Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka, Conakry, Guinea.
Konde Mandy Kader
Health and Sustainable Development Foundation, Conakry, Guinea.
Koivogui Lamine
Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea.
Magassouba N'Faly
Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.
Avšič-Županc Tatjana
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Nitsche Andreas
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
Strasser Marc
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
Ippolito Giuseppe
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Becker Stephan
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
Stoecker Kilian
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
Gabriel Martin
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Raoul Hervé
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.
Di Caro Antonino
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
Wölfel Roman
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
Formenty Pierre
World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Günther Stephan
1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Article Info
Journal
Nature
Abbr.
Nature
ISSN
1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/nature14594
Published
2015-08-06
Epub
2015-00-17
Pages
97-101
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
0410462
Subset
IM
Grants
World Health Organization · 001 · International
Wellcome Trust · 095831 · United Kingdom
Databases
GENBANK
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External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1038/nature14594 View journal details
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