A voltage-gated chloride conductance in rat cultured astrocytes.

Large voltage-dependent outward currents are recorded with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique from rat cultured astrocytes under conditions where an outward movement of potassium ions is excluded (either by blockage of the potassium channels pharmacologically or by replacement of the internal potassium by the impermeant large organic cation N-methyl-(+)-glucamine). The current, which is activated at potentials more positive than -40 to -50 mV, is normally carried by an inward movement of chloride ions. Its reversal potential is the same as the chloride equilibrium potential. With depolarization to +60 mV (for 225 ms) little or no inactivation of the current occurs: with depolarizations to +90 to +110 mV a time-dependent decay is seen. The current, which is often not marked immediately after formation of the whole-cell clamp, generally increases over a period of a few minutes to a maximum (after which it usually declines), as if some as yet unknown intracellular factor keeping the channels closed were being washed away from the membrane. The time course of this phenomenon is not affected by changing of the internal free calcium concentration (from 10(-8)M to 10(-6)M) or by an intracellular mixture of cyclic AMP (1 mM), ATP (4 mM) and Mg+ (2 mM). The conductance is slightly increased when the chloride of the bathing medium is replaced by bromide; is much reduced on replacement by methylsulphate, sulphate, isethionate, or acetate; and is virtually abolished on replacement by the large anion gluconate. The outward current is inhibited by the disulphonate stilbenes DIDS and SITS; this blocking action was initially partly reversible, although never completely so. It is suggested that the chloride conductance plays a role in the spatial buffering of potassium by astrocytes.