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PMID: 22985197 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Stomatal penetration by aqueous solutions--an update involving leaf surface particles.

The New phytologist ·Vol. 196 ·No. 3 ·2012-11-00 ·Pages 774-787

Burkhardt J, Basi S, Pariyar S, Hunsche M

Abstract

The recent visualization of stomatal nanoparticle uptake ended a 40-yr-old paradigm. Assuming clean, hydrophobic leaf surfaces, the paradigm considered stomatal liquid water transport to be impossible as a result of water surface tension. However, real leaves are not clean, and deposited aerosols may change hydrophobicity and water surface tension. Droplets containing NaCl, NaClO(3), (NH(4))(2) SO(4), glyphosate, an organosilicone surfactant or various combinations thereof were evaporated on stomatous abaxial and astomatous adaxial surfaces of apple (Malus domestica) leaves. The effects on photosynthesis, necrosis and biomass were determined. Observed using an environmental scanning electron microscope, NaCl and NaClO(3) crystals on hydrophobic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cuticles underwent several humidity cycles, causing repeated deliquescence and efflorescence of the salts. All physiological parameters were more strongly affected by abaxial than adaxial treatments. Spatial expansion and dendritic crystallization of the salts occurred and cuticular hydrophobicity was decreased more rapidly by NaClO(3) than NaCl. The results confirmed the stomatal uptake of aqueous solutions. Humidity fluctuations promote the spatial expansion of salts into the stomata. The ion-specific effects point to the Hofmeister series: chaotropic ions reduce surface tension, probably contributing to the defoliant action of NaClO(3), whereas the salt spray tolerance of coastal plants is probably linked to the kosmotropic nature of chloride ions.

MeSH Terms
Ammonium Sulfate/pharmacology Biological Transport Chlorates/pharmacology Chlorophyll/metabolism Fluorescence Glycine/analogs & derivatives,pharmacology Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions Lycopersicon esculentum/anatomy & histology,drug effects,physiology Malus/drug effects,physiology Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods Photosynthesis Photosystem II Protein Complex/physiology Plant Diseases/chemically induced Plant Leaves/drug effects,physiology,ultrastructure Plant Stomata/drug effects,physiology,ultrastructure Plant Transpiration Sodium Chloride/metabolism Solutions/metabolism Surface Tension Water/metabolism
Chemicals
Chlorates Photosystem II Protein Complex Solutions Water Chlorophyll Sodium Chloride glyphosate Ammonium Sulfate sodium chlorate Glycine
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Burkhardt Juergen
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Plant Nutrition Group, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
Basi Sabin
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Group, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
Pariyar Shyam
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Plant Nutrition Group, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
Hunsche Mauricio
Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Group, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
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Article Info
Journal
The New phytologist
Abbr.
New Phytol
ISSN
1469-8137
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04307.x
Published
2012-11-00
Epub
2012-00-17
Pages
774-787
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
9882884
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04307.x View journal details
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