Current and emerging treatments in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Historically, patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have had poor survival rates. In recent years there have been significant advances in the treatment of CRPC. In addition to cytotoxic chemotherapy, treating physicians and their patients now have the option of several new agents that target not only androgen- and cytotoxic-mediated pathways, but also the patient's own immune system. In this review, we discuss the existing US FDA-approved therapies, a wide range of experimental treatments that are currently in development, and also palliative options for patients with symptoms secondary to metastatic disease. We also discuss the progression-free survival, overall survival, PSA levels and other end points used in clinical trials in order to evaluate and compare novel therapeutic options for CRPC. Currently, docetaxel and sipuleucel-T are the first line treatment options for patients with CRPC; approved second-line treatments for first line treatment failure are limited to cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate. Recently, a few experimental agents, MDV3100 and radium-223, have demonstrated efficacy in improving overall survival in patients who had previously failed chemotherapy. These agents, and possibly others introduced in this review, are positioned to change the treatment landscape for CRPC.