Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 21680031 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

β-Arrestin-mediated receptor trafficking and signal transduction.

Trends in pharmacological sciences ·Vol. 32 ·No. 9 ·2011-09-00 ·Pages 521-33

Shenoy SK, Lefkowitz RJ

Abstract

β-Arrestins function as endocytic adaptors and mediate trafficking of a variety of cell-surface receptors, including seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs). In the case of 7TMRs, β-arrestins carry out these tasks while simultaneously inhibiting upstream G-protein-dependent signaling and promoting alternate downstream signaling pathways. The mechanisms by which β-arrestins interact with a continuously expanding ensemble of protein partners and perform their multiple functions including trafficking and signaling are currently being uncovered. Molecular changes at the level of protein conformation as well as post-translational modifications of β-arrestins probably form the basis for their dynamic interactions during receptor trafficking and signaling. It is becoming increasingly evident that β-arrestins, originally discovered as 7TMR adaptor proteins, indeed have much broader and more versatile roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review paper, we assess the traditional and novel functions of β-arrestins and discuss the molecular attributes that might facilitate multiple interactions in regulating cell signaling and receptor trafficking.

MeSH Terms
Animals Arrestins/metabolism Humans Protein Conformation Protein Processing, Post-Translational Protein Transport Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism Signal Transduction beta-Arrestins
Chemicals
Arrestins Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled beta-Arrestins seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Shenoy Sudha K
Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3821, Durham, NC 27710, USA. sudha@receptor-biol.duke.edu
Lefkowitz Robert J
References (134)
134 references, click to expand
  1. Seven-transmembrane receptors and ubiquitination.
    Circ Res. 2007 Apr 27;100(8):1142-54 PMID: 17463329
  2. Beta-arrestin-dependent signaling and trafficking of 7-transmembrane receptors is reciprocally regulated by the deubiquitinase USP33 and the E3 ligase Mdm2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 21;106(16):6650-5 PMID: 19363159
  3. Activity-dependent internalization of smoothened mediated by beta-arrestin 2 and GRK2.
    Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2257-60 PMID: 15618519
  4. Targeting of cyclic AMP degradation to beta 2-adrenergic receptors by beta-arrestins.
    Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):834-6 PMID: 12399592
  5. Molecular cloning of the S-antigen cDNA from bovine retina.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Feb 13;142(3):904-10 PMID: 2950857
  6. Role of ubiquitination in endocytic trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors.
    Traffic. 2011 Feb;12(2):137-48 PMID: 20854416
  7. Functional desensitization of the isolated beta-adrenergic receptor by the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: potential role of an analog of the retinal protein arrestin (48-kDa protein).
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(24):8879-82 PMID: 2827157
  8. Target validation of G-protein coupled receptors.
    Drug Discov Today. 2002 Feb 15;7(4):235-46 PMID: 11839521
  9. Role of beta-arrestin in mediating agonist-promoted G protein-coupled receptor internalization.
    Science. 1996 Jan 19;271(5247):363-6 PMID: 8553074
  10. Regulation of Notch signalling by non-visual beta-arrestin.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Dec;7(12):1191-201 PMID: 16284625
  11. Molecular determinants underlying the formation of stable intracellular G protein-coupled receptor-beta-arrestin complexes after receptor endocytosis*.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):19452-60 PMID: 11279203
  12. G protein pathways.
    Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1636-9 PMID: 12040175
  13. Endosomes: a legitimate platform for the signaling train.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 20;106(42):17615-22 PMID: 19822761
  14. Receptor-mediated uptake of lipoprotein-cholesterol and its utilization for steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex.
    Recent Prog Horm Res. 1979;35:215-57 PMID: 229524
  15. Protein modification by SUMO.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:355-82 PMID: 15189146
  16. Receptor-specific ubiquitination of beta-arrestin directs assembly and targeting of seven-transmembrane receptor signalosomes.
    J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 15;280(15):15315-24 PMID: 15699045
  17. Smoothened signal transduction is promoted by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Oct;26(20):7550-60 PMID: 16908539
  18. Identification of betaArrestin2 as a corepressor of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 9;106(23):9379-84 PMID: 19458261
  19. G protein-coupled receptor sorting to endosomes and lysosomes.
    Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;48:601-29 PMID: 17995450
  20. Seven non-contiguous intracellular residues of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor dictate the rate of agonist-induced internalization and its sensitivity to non-visual arrestins.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 7;275(1):241-7 PMID: 10617611
  21. Nicotine induces cell proliferation by beta-arrestin-mediated activation of Src and Rb-Raf-1 pathways.
    J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2208-2217 PMID: 16862215
  22. Association of beta-arrestin with G protein-coupled receptors during clathrin-mediated endocytosis dictates the profile of receptor resensitization.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 5;274(45):32248-57 PMID: 10542263
  23. Beta-arrestins as regulators of signal termination and transduction: how do they determine what to scaffold?
    Cell Signal. 2011 Apr;23(4):621-9 PMID: 20946952
  24. Arrestin2/clathrin interaction is regulated by key N- and C-terminal regions in arrestin2.
    Biochemistry. 2009 Aug 4;48(30):7190-200 PMID: 19555118
  25. Involvement of a cytoplasmic-tail serine cluster in urotensin II receptor internalization.
    Biochem J. 2005 Jan 1;385(Pt 1):115-23 PMID: 15458389
  26. Regulation of membrane protein transport by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-binding proteins.
    Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2003;19:141-72 PMID: 14570567
  27. A phosphorylation cluster of five serine and threonine residues in the C-terminus of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor is important for desensitization but not for beta-arrestin-mediated ERK activation.
    Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov;20(11):3014-26 PMID: 16887887
  28. N-terminal tyrosine modulation of the endocytic adaptor function of the beta-arrestins.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 29;282(26):18937-44 PMID: 17456469
  29. Historical review: a brief history and personal retrospective of seven-transmembrane receptors.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Aug;25(8):413-22 PMID: 15276710
  30. Regulation of receptor trafficking by GRKs and arrestins.
    Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:451-82 PMID: 17037978
  31. Trafficking patterns of beta-arrestin and G protein-coupled receptors determined by the kinetics of beta-arrestin deubiquitination.
    J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 18;278(16):14498-506 PMID: 12574160
  32. {beta}-Arrestin is crucial for ubiquitination and down-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by acting as adaptor for the MDM2 E3 ligase.
    J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 1;280(26):24412-9 PMID: 15878855
  33. Location, location, location...site-specific GPCR phosphorylation offers a mechanism for cell-type-specific signalling.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Aug;29(8):413-20 PMID: 18606460
  34. Functional specialization of beta-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 17;104(29):12011-6 PMID: 17620599
  35. beta-Arrestin 1 and 2 differentially regulate heptahelical receptor signaling and trafficking.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):1601-6 PMID: 11171997
  36. Beta-arrestin acts as a clathrin adaptor in endocytosis of the beta2-adrenergic receptor.
    Nature. 1996 Oct 3;383(6599):447-50 PMID: 8837779
  37. Beta-arrestin1 phosphorylation by GRK5 regulates G protein-independent 5-HT4 receptor signalling.
    EMBO J. 2009 Sep 16;28(18):2706-18 PMID: 19661922
  38. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation regulates post-endocytic trafficking of the D2 dopamine receptor.
    J Biol Chem. 2009 May 29;284(22):15038-51 PMID: 19332542
  39. beta-arrestin-dependent endocytosis of proteinase-activated receptor 2 is required for intracellular targeting of activated ERK1/2.
    J Cell Biol. 2000 Mar 20;148(6):1267-81 PMID: 10725339
  40. Insulin-induced beta-arrestin1 Ser-412 phosphorylation is a mechanism for desensitization of ERK activation by Galphai-coupled receptors.
    J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 14;280(2):1016-23 PMID: 15520010
  41. Beta-arrestin2, a novel member of the arrestin/beta-arrestin gene family.
    J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 5;267(25):17882-90 PMID: 1517224
  42. beta-Arrestin2 mediates nephrin endocytosis and impairs slit diaphragm integrity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 19;103(38):14110-5 PMID: 16968782
  43. S-nitrosylation of beta-arrestin regulates beta-adrenergic receptor trafficking.
    Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):395-405 PMID: 18691971
  44. beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic receptor function.
    Science. 1990 Jun 22;248(4962):1547-50 PMID: 2163110
  45. Ubiquitin-binding domains.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Aug;6(8):610-21 PMID: 16064137
  46. Structure of Vps26B and mapping of its interaction with the retromer protein complex.
    Traffic. 2008 Mar;9(3):366-79 PMID: 18088321
  47. Teaching old receptors new tricks: biasing seven-transmembrane receptors.
    Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 May;9(5):373-86 PMID: 20431569
  48. Nedd4-1 and beta-arrestin-1 are key regulators of Na+/H+ exchanger 1 ubiquitylation, endocytosis, and function.
    J Biol Chem. 2010 Dec 3;285(49):38293-303 PMID: 20855896
  49. Beta-arrestin-mediated localization of smoothened to the primary cilium.
    Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1777-81 PMID: 18497258
  50. Global phosphorylation analysis of beta-arrestin-mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR).
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 24;107(34):15299-304 PMID: 20686112
  51. Beta-arrestin-biased ligands at seven-transmembrane receptors.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007 Aug;28(8):416-22 PMID: 17644195
  52. Transduction of receptor signals by beta-arrestins.
    Science. 2005 Apr 22;308(5721):512-7 PMID: 15845844
  53. Arrestin-2 interacts with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport machinery to modulate endosomal sorting of CXCR4.
    Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Jul 15;21(14):2529-41 PMID: 20505072
  54. beta-Arrestins - scaffolds and signalling elements essential for WNT/Frizzled signalling pathways?
    Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Mar;159(5):1051-8 PMID: 19888962
  55. Therapeutic potential of β-arrestin- and G protein-biased agonists.
    Trends Mol Med. 2011 Mar;17(3):126-39 PMID: 21183406
  56. Beta-arrestin 2 regulates zebrafish development through the hedgehog signaling pathway.
    Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2264-7 PMID: 15618520
  57. The arrestin fold: variations on a theme.
    Curr Genomics. 2009 Apr;10(2):133-42 PMID: 19794886
  58. Targeting of diacylglycerol degradation to M1 muscarinic receptors by beta-arrestins.
    Science. 2007 Feb 2;315(5812):663-6 PMID: 17272726
  59. Distinct motifs of neuropeptide Y receptors differentially regulate trafficking and desensitization.
    Traffic. 2008 Mar;9(3):305-24 PMID: 18088318
  60. Collateral efficacy in drug discovery: taking advantage of the good (allosteric) nature of 7TM receptors.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007 Aug;28(8):407-15 PMID: 17629960
  61. Beta-arrestin 2 mediates endocytosis of type III TGF-beta receptor and down-regulation of its signaling.
    Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1394-7 PMID: 12958365
  62. Crystal structure of beta-arrestin at 1.9 A: possible mechanism of receptor binding and membrane Translocation.
    Structure. 2001 Sep;9(9):869-80 PMID: 11566136
  63. Selective engagement of G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) encodes distinct functions of biased ligands.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9649-54 PMID: 19497875
  64. An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior.
    Cell. 2005 Jul 29;122(2):261-73 PMID: 16051150
  65. Arrestin/clathrin interaction. Localization of the clathrin binding domain of nonvisual arrestins to the carboxy terminus.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 6;272(23):15011-6 PMID: 9169476
  66. Distinct conformational changes in beta-arrestin report biased agonism at seven-transmembrane receptors.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 22;105(29):9988-93 PMID: 18621717
  67. An intracellular loop 2 amino acid residue determines differential binding of arrestin to the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors.
    Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;75(1):19-26 PMID: 18820126
  68. Feedback regulation of beta-arrestin1 function by extracellular signal-regulated kinases.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 4;274(23):15971-4 PMID: 10347142
  69. Agonist-directed signaling of the serotonin 2A receptor depends on beta-arrestin-2 interactions in vivo.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 22;105(3):1079-84 PMID: 18195357
  70. Arrestin-like proteins mediate ubiquitination and endocytosis of the yeast metal transporter Smf1.
    EMBO Rep. 2008 Dec;9(12):1216-21 PMID: 18953286
  71. Phosphorylated rhodopsin and heparin induce similar conformational changes in arrestin.
    J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 5;266(28):18649-54 PMID: 1917988
  72. The adaptor protein beta-arrestin2 enhances endocytosis of the low density lipoprotein receptor.
    J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 7;278(45):44238-45 PMID: 12944399
  73. New roles for beta-arrestins in cell signaling: not just for seven-transmembrane receptors.
    Mol Cell. 2006 Dec 8;24(5):643-652 PMID: 17157248
  74. Arrestin binds to different phosphorylated regions of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor with distinct functional consequences.
    Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;74(1):195-202 PMID: 18413662
  75. Nedd4 mediates agonist-dependent ubiquitination, lysosomal targeting, and degradation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 8;283(32):22166-76 PMID: 18544533
  76. Functional antagonism of different G protein-coupled receptor kinases for beta-arrestin-mediated angiotensin II receptor signaling.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 1;102(5):1442-7 PMID: 15671181
  77. The cellular distribution of fluorescently labeled arrestins provides a robust, sensitive, and universal assay for screening G protein-coupled receptors.
    Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2002 Nov;1(1 Pt 1):21-30 PMID: 15090153
  78. The role of phosphorylation in D1 dopamine receptor desensitization: evidence for a novel mechanism of arrestin association.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 27;279(9):7999-8010 PMID: 14660631
  79. Mdm2 is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2.
    EMBO J. 2006 Oct 18;25(20):4752-62 PMID: 17006543
  80. Nephrin--a unique structural and signaling protein of the kidney filter.
    Trends Mol Med. 2007 Sep;13(9):396-403 PMID: 17766183
  81. The deubiquitinases USP33 and USP20 coordinate beta2 adrenergic receptor recycling and resensitization.
    EMBO J. 2009 Jun 17;28(12):1684-96 PMID: 19424180
  82. Identification of a Ser/Thr cluster in the C-terminal domain of the human prostaglandin receptor EP4 that is essential for agonist-induced beta-arrestin1 recruitment but differs from the apparent principal phosphorylation site.
    Biochem J. 2004 May 1;379(Pt 3):573-85 PMID: 14709160
  83. Arrestin-related ubiquitin-ligase adaptors regulate endocytosis and protein turnover at the cell surface.
    Cell. 2008 Nov 14;135(4):714-25 PMID: 18976803
  84. Dishevelled 2 recruits beta-arrestin 2 to mediate Wnt5A-stimulated endocytosis of Frizzled 4.
    Science. 2003 Sep 5;301(5638):1391-4 PMID: 12958364
  85. beta-Arrestins bind and decrease cell-surface abundance of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE5 isoform.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 22;102(8):2790-5 PMID: 15699339
  86. The active conformation of beta-arrestin1: direct evidence for the phosphate sensor in the N-domain and conformational differences in the active states of beta-arrestins1 and -2.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 20;282(29):21370-81 PMID: 17513300
  87. Desensitization, internalization, and signaling functions of beta-arrestins demonstrated by RNA interference.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 18;100(4):1740-4 PMID: 12582207
  88. Activation-dependent conformational changes in {beta}-arrestin 2.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 31;279(53):55744-53 PMID: 15501822
  89. Structure of an arrestin2-clathrin complex reveals a novel clathrin binding domain that modulates receptor trafficking.
    J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 23;284(43):29860-72 PMID: 19710023
  90. The sustainability of interactions between the orexin-1 receptor and beta-arrestin-2 is defined by a single C-terminal cluster of hydroxy amino acids and modulates the kinetics of ERK MAPK regulation.
    Biochem J. 2005 May 1;387(Pt 3):573-84 PMID: 15683363
  91. Monitoring agonist-promoted conformational changes of beta-arrestin in living cells by intramolecular BRET.
    EMBO Rep. 2005 Apr;6(4):334-40 PMID: 15776020
  92. Arresting a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel: beta-arrestin 1 mediates ubiquitination and functional down-regulation of TRPV4.
    J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 24;285(39):30115-25 PMID: 20650893
  93. The retromer subunit Vps26 has an arrestin fold and binds Vps35 through its C-terminal domain.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006 Jun;13(6):540-8 PMID: 16732284
  94. ESCRTing proteins in the endocytic pathway.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 2007 Dec;32(12):561-73 PMID: 17988873
  95. Dynamin and beta-arrestin reveal distinct mechanisms for G protein-coupled receptor internalization.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 2;271(31):18302-5 PMID: 8702465
  96. Essential role for beta-arrestin 2 in the regulation of Xenopus convergent extension movements.
    EMBO J. 2007 May 16;26(10):2513-26 PMID: 17476309
  97. Mdm2 directs the ubiquitination of beta-arrestin-sequestered cAMP phosphodiesterase-4D5.
    J Biol Chem. 2009 Jun 12;284(24):16170-16182 PMID: 19372219
  98. The molecular acrobatics of arrestin activation.
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;25(2):105-11 PMID: 15102497
  99. The 2.8 A crystal structure of visual arrestin: a model for arrestin's regulation.
    Cell. 1999 Apr 16;97(2):257-69 PMID: 10219246
  100. A beta-arrestin binding determinant common to the second intracellular loops of rhodopsin family G protein-coupled receptors.
    J Biol Chem. 2006 Feb 3;281(5):2932-8 PMID: 16319069
  101. Deactivation of photoactivated rhodopsin by rhodopsin-kinase and arrestin.
    J Recept Res. 1987;7(1-4):283-98 PMID: 3040978
  102. Expanding roles for beta-arrestins as scaffolds and adapters in GPCR signaling and trafficking.
    Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Apr;13(2):139-45 PMID: 11248546
  103. Beta-arrestins and cell signaling.
    Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:483-510 PMID: 17305471
  104. Functional dissection of an AP-2 beta2 appendage-binding sequence within the autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia protein.
    J Biol Chem. 2005 May 13;280(19):19270-80 PMID: 15728179
  105. beta-Adrenergic receptor activation induces internalization of cardiac Cav1.2 channel complexes through a beta-arrestin 1-mediated pathway.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 20;283(25):17221-6 PMID: 18458091
  106. Distinct phosphorylation sites in the SST2A somatostatin receptor control internalization, desensitization, and arrestin binding.
    Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Feb;73(2):292-304 PMID: 17981995
  107. Proteasome-independent functions of ubiquitin in endocytosis and signaling.
    Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):201-5 PMID: 17218518
  108. Beta-arrestin scaffolding of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase Ialpha promotes agonist-stimulated sequestration of the beta2-adrenergic receptor.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 25;283(30):21093-101 PMID: 18534983
  109. The interaction of beta-arrestin with the AP-2 adaptor is required for the clustering of beta 2-adrenergic receptor into clathrin-coated pits.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 28;275(30):23120-6 PMID: 10770944
  110. Differential affinities of visual arrestin, beta arrestin1, and beta arrestin2 for G protein-coupled receptors delineate two major classes of receptors.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 2;275(22):17201-10 PMID: 10748214
  111. Dual role of the beta2-adrenergic receptor C terminus for the binding of beta-arrestin and receptor internalization.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 14;283(46):31840-8 PMID: 18801735
  112. Activation and targeting of extracellular signal-regulated kinases by beta-arrestin scaffolds.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 27;98(5):2449-54 PMID: 11226259
  113. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the beta-adrenergic receptor is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of beta-arrestin1.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 5;272(49):31051-7 PMID: 9388255
  114. Regulation of arrestin-3 phosphorylation by casein kinase II.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 May 10;277(19):16837-46 PMID: 11877451
  115. Cloning and functional characterization of salamander rod and cone arrestins.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Aug;41(9):2445-55 PMID: 10937552
  116. Ambient pH gene regulation in fungi: making connections.
    Trends Microbiol. 2008 Jun;16(6):291-300 PMID: 18457952
  117. Agonist-receptor-arrestin, an alternative ternary complex with high agonist affinity.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Nov 14;272(46):28849-52 PMID: 9360951
  118. GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects.
    Cell. 2010 Sep 3;142(5):687-98 PMID: 20813258
  119. Beta-arrestin-mediated signaling regulates protein synthesis.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 18;283(16):10611-20 PMID: 18276584
  120. SUMO, ubiquitin's mysterious cousin.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Mar;2(3):202-10 PMID: 11265250
  121. Molecular switches involving the AP-2 beta2 appendage regulate endocytic cargo selection and clathrin coat assembly.
    Dev Cell. 2006 Mar;10(3):329-42 PMID: 16516836
  122. Ubiquitination of beta-arrestin links seven-transmembrane receptor endocytosis and ERK activation.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 5;282(40):29549-62 PMID: 17666399
  123. Site-specific phosphorylation of CXCR4 is dynamically regulated by multiple kinases and results in differential modulation of CXCR4 signaling.
    J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 5;285(10):7805-17 PMID: 20048153
  124. Small ubiquitin-like modifier modification of arrestin-3 regulates receptor trafficking.
    J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 4;286(5):3884-93 PMID: 21118812
  125. beta-arrestins regulate mitogenic signaling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 27;273(48):31640-3 PMID: 9822622
  126. Targeting of beta-arrestin2 to the centrosome and primary cilium: role in cell proliferation control.
    PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3728 PMID: 19008961
  127. Regulation of receptor fate by ubiquitination of activated beta 2-adrenergic receptor and beta-arrestin.
    Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1307-13 PMID: 11588219
  128. Phosphorylation of beta-arrestin2 regulates its function in internalization of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors.
    Biochemistry. 2002 Aug 27;41(34):10692-9 PMID: 12186555
  129. The ubiquitin system.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 1998;67:425-79 PMID: 9759494
  130. Trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors.
    Circ Res. 2006 Sep 15;99(6):570-82 PMID: 16973913
  131. Agonist-promoted ubiquitination of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 mediates lysosomal sorting.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 7;276(49):45509-12 PMID: 11641392
  132. Smoothened signaling in vertebrates is facilitated by a G protein-coupled receptor kinase.
    Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Dec;19(12):5478-89 PMID: 18815277
  133. Different G protein-coupled receptor kinases govern G protein and beta-arrestin-mediated signaling of V2 vasopressin receptor.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 1;102(5):1448-53 PMID: 15671180
  134. An additional phosphate-binding element in arrestin molecule. Implications for the mechanism of arrestin activation.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 29;275(52):41049-57 PMID: 11024026
Article Info
Journal
Trends in pharmacological sciences
Abbr.
Trends Pharmacol Sci
ISSN
1873-3735
DOI
10.1016/j.tips.2011.05.002
Email
sudha@receptor-biol.duke.edu
Published
2011-09-00
Epub
2011-00-15
Pages
521-33
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
7906158
PMCID
PMC3159699
Subset
IM
Grants
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL016037-40 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL016037 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL080525-06 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL080525 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL070631 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL070631-09 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.05.002 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2