Age-related loss of phospholipid asymmetry in APP(NLh)/APP(NLh) x PS-1(P264L)/PS-1(P264L) human double mutant knock-in mice: relevance to Alzheimer disease.

Using APP(NLh)/APP(NLh) x PS-1(P246L)/PS-1(P246L) human double knock-in (APP/PS-1) mice, we examined whether phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) asymmetry is significantly altered in brain of this familial Alzheimer disease mouse model in an age-dependent manner as a result of oxidative stress, toxic Abeta(1-42) oligomer production, and/or apoptosis. Annexin V (AV) and NBD-PS fluorescence in synaptosomes of wild-type (WT) and APP/PS-1 mice were used to determine PtdSer exposure with age, while Mg(2+) ATPase activity was determined to correlate PtdSer asymmetry changes with PtdSer translocase, flippase, activity. AV and NBD-PS results demonstrated significant PtdSer exposure beginning at 9 months compared to 1-month-old WT controls for both assays, a trend that was exacerbated in synaptosomes of APP/PS-1 mice. Decreasing Mg(2+) ATPase activity confirms that the age-related loss of PtdSer asymmetry is likely due to loss of flippase activity, more prominent in APP/PS-1 brain. Two-site sandwich ELISA on SDS- and FA-soluble APP/PS-1 brain fractions were conducted to correlate Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) levels with age-related trends determined from the AV, NBD-PS, and Mg(2+) ATPase assays. ELISA revealed a significant increase in both SDS- and FA-soluble Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) with age, consistent with PtdSer and flippase assay trends. Lastly, because PtdSer exposure is affected by pro-apoptotic caspase-3, levels of both latent and active forms were measured. Western blotting results demonstrated an increase in both active fragments of caspase-3 with age, while levels of pro-caspase-3 decrease. These results are discussed with relevance to loss of lipid asymmetry and consequent neurotoxicity in brain of subjects with Alzheimer disease.