T cell-based immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: modest success and future perspective.

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) remains a challenging malignancy to treat. Cancer immunotherapies have been extensively explored in melanoma and RCC as they poorly respond to conventional cytotoxic agents but show responses to a variety of immunologic agents. The recent considerable success of T cell-based immunotherapy in melanoma warrants further efforts to apply this treatment to other cancers including MRCC. Although RCC is an immunosensitive cancer, similar attempts in MRCC have shown a very limited success. In this review, we summarize the clinical data on T cell-based immunotherapies for MRCC showing the modest success that has been achieved to date. More importantly, we discuss potential strategies for improving its efficacy for the treatment of MRCC in light of the important achievements for treating metastatic melanoma. In particular, the growing evidence of success by combining expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with lymphodepletion merits investigation in MRCC. Identifying new RCC-associated antigens, optimized methods, and conditions for detection, isolation, and/or modification and expansion of tumor-specific T cells are all important strategies to be pursued for improving T cell-based immunotherapy of MRCC.