Routine cryofixation of plant tissue by propane jet freezing for freeze substitution.

Cryofixation and freeze substitution methods were developed for ultrastructural studies of cells in complex plant tissues. Leaf tissues and root tips of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Maryland Mammoth) were frozen with a RMC MF7200 propane jet freezer and freeze substituted sequentially with tannic acid and osmium tetroxide/uranyl acetate in acetone. High quality preservation was consistently obtained for epidermal and phloem cells of the leaf, and epidermal, cortical, meristematic, and cap cells of the root tip. Leaf mesophyll cells were also often well frozen. Organelles, including nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and plastids, showed excellent structural integrity and contrast. Most notable is the superior preservation of the cytoskeleton. Our results demonstrate that the propane jet freezer can be used routinely for high quality cryofixation of higher plant cells in certain complex tissues. This could have important implications for the use of cryofixation approach in a wide range of research in plant biology.